TABLE 1.
Demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics of PD patients with and without cognitive impairment and controls included in the multimodal cohort
| Groups | FDG‐PET and fMRI | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC (n = 16) | PD‐NC (n = 36) | PD‐MCI (n = 12) | ||
| Demographic and clinical variables | ||||
| Age, years | 64.63 ± 8.33 | 66.69 ± 7.77 | 68.92 ± 8.77 | .385 |
| Gender, F/M | 9/7 | 10 / 26 | 7 / 5 | .060 |
| Education, years | 16.44 ± 2.06b,c | 14.44 ± 2.77a | 13.82 ± 2.75a | .018* |
| DD, years | – | 4.61 ± 3.68 | 4.13 ± 2.20 | .838 |
| UPDRS III total | – | 24.67 ± 9.13 | 23.25 ± 7.00 | .943 |
| H & Y, stage (n) | – |
2 (22) 2.5 (9) 3 (5) |
2 (6) 2.5 (5) 3 (1) |
.530 |
| LEDD | – | 410.48 ± 231.81 | 519.63 ± 181.62 | .107 |
| MMSE | 28.94 ± 1.00c | 29.03 ± 0.88c | 26.50 ± 2.47a,b | .001*** |
| BDI‐II | 3.47 ± 6.00b,c | 8.86 ± 5.70a | 9.83 ± 7.61a | <.001*** |
Note: Between‐group differences were analyzed by ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis test, Student's t‐test or Mann–Whitney U test, and for dichotomous variables by Chi‐square test. Significant post‐hoc test results in comparison to a = HC, b = PD‐NC, or c = PD‐MCI are indicated by superscripts.
Abbreviations: BDI‐II, Beck's depression inventory; DD, disease duration; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr; HC, healthy controls; LEDD, Levodopa equivalent daily dose; PD‐MCI, PD patients with mild cognitive impairment; PD‐NC, PD patients with normal cognition; MMSE, mini‐mental status examination.
p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.