TABLE 2.

Neuropsychological characteristics of PD patients with and without cognitive impairment and controls included in the multimodal cohort

Groups	FDG‐PET and fMRI			p value
	HC (n = 16)	PD‐NC (n = 36)	PD‐MCI (n = 12)
	Scores for individual neuropsychological subtests
Visuospatial
MMSE pentagons	0.26 ± 0.00c	0.04 ± 0.91c	−2.69 ± 1.78a,b	<.001***
PANDA cubes	0.09 ± 1.14	0.15 ± 1.02c	−0.68 ± 1.04b	.044*
Language
Semantic fluency	1.20 ± 0.54b,c	0.45 ± 0.85a	0.18 ± 0.91a	.002**
Boston naming test	0.19 ± 0.35	0.04 ± 0.47	−0.07 ± 0.53	.359
Executive function
mWCST errors	0.22 ± 0.74b,c	−0.59 ± 0.50a,c	−1.03 ± 0.73a,b	<.001***
Alternating fluency	1.04 ± 0.95b,c	0.37 ± 0.83a	0.13 ± 1.19a	.025*
Attention
Digit span forwards	1.03 ± 0.76b,c	−0.14 ± 0.97a	−0.40 ± 1.13a	<.001***
Digit span backwards	0.28 ± 1.18c	−0.18 ± 0.81	−0.65 ± 0.87a	.039*
Memory
Delayed recall PANDA	−0.04 ± 1.12c	−0.60 ± 1.43	−2.20 ± 2.56a	.024*
Delayed recall MMSE	0.28 ± 0.95	0.40 ± 0.83	−0.31 ± 1.05	.097
	Neuropsychological z‐scores
Cognitive composite score	0.46 ± 0.32b,c	−0.01 ± 0.30a,c	−0.80 ± 0.35a,b	<.001***
Visuospatial	0.18 ± 0.57c	0.10 ± 0.74c	−1.69 ± 0.87a,b	<.001***
Language	0.70 ± 0.32c	0.29 ± 0.65	0.01 ± 0.68a	.010*
Executive function	0.63 ± 0.58b,c	−0.11 ± 0.53a	−0.45 ± 0.75a	<.001***
Attention	0.65 ± 0.87b,c	−0.14 ± 0.71a,c	−0.53 ± 0.90a,b	<.001***
Memory	0.12 ± 0.85c	−0.10 ± 0.89c	−1.26 ± 1.44a,b	.010*

Note: Between‐group differences were analyzed by ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test; pairwise Student's t test or Mann–Whitney U tests were performed for post‐hoc comparisons. Significant post‐hoc test results in comparison to a = HC, b = PD‐NC, or c = PD‐MCI are indicated by superscripts.

Abbreviations: HC, healthy controls; MMSE, Mini‐Mental Status Examination; mWCST, modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; PANDA, Parkinson Neuropsychometric Dementia Assessment, PD‐MCI, PD patients with mild cognitive impairment; PD‐NC, PD patients with normal cognition.

^* p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.