. 2021 May 3;376(1827):20200028. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0028

Table 2.

Relative risk of PND symptoms, by low social support during pregnancy (N = 600 pregnancies).

	PND^a symptoms
	two months postpartum			one year postpartum
low antenatal social support	RR^a	95% CI^a	p-value	RR^a	95% CI^a	p-value
unadjusted
low overall support	3.8	2.0, 7.2	<0.000	2.9	1.4, 6.1	0.005
low friend/family support	1.6	0.6, 4.0	0.325	2.7	1.3, 5.7	0.007
low partner support	3.6	1.7, 7.4	0.001	2.9	1.2, 7.1	0.017
adjusted for pre- and periconceptional characteristics^b
low overall support	4.3	1.8, 10.4	0.001	2.8	1.2, 6.6	0.020
low friend/family support	1.1	0.4, 3.0	0.795	1.8	0.8, 4.0	0.132
low partner support	3.4	1.4, 8.5	0.008	3.5	1.4, 8.6	0.008
further adjusted for preconception mental health problems^c
low overall support	3.7	1.6, 8.6	0.003	2.4	1.0, 5.4	0.042
low friend/family support	1.1	0.4, 2.9	0.822	1.8	0.8, 4.0	0.157
low partner support	2.9	1.2, 7.0	0.017	3.0	1.2, 7.2	0.015

^aPND, postnatal depression; RR, relative risk, 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals.

^bAdjusted for mother's family of origin, adolescent and young adult pre- and periconception characteristics.

^cAdjusted for mother's family of origin, adolescent and young adult pre- and periconception characteristics and preconception mental health problems.