TABLE 1.
Main Cyp51 resistance mechanisms to DMIs found in plant pathogens from 2000 to 2020a
| Plant pathogen | DMI resistance | Cyp51 modification(s) | Promoter alteration | Overexpression | Cyp51 gene | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penicillium digitatum | TFZ, FNM, BTN | Absent | 126-bp TR | Yes | Cyp51 | 2 |
| IMZ | Absent | 199-bp TR | Yes | Cyp51B | 2 | |
| Blumeriella jaapii | FBZ | Absent | Truncated retrotransposon | Yes | Cyp51 | 2 |
| Venturia inaequalis | MCB | Absent | 553-bp insertion | Yes | Cyp51A | 2 |
| DFZ | Absent | EL3,1,2 repeated element | Yes | Cyp51A | 2 | |
| Monilinia fructicola | PPZ | Absent | Mona genetic element | Yes | Cyp51B | 2 |
| Ustilaginoidea virens | PPZ | Absent | CC insertion | Yes | Cyp51 | 2 |
| Pyrenopeziza brassicae | TBZ, MTZ, FSZ, PTZ, PRZ | G460S, S508T | 151-bp insertion | Yes | Cyp51 | 2 |
| Erysiphe necator | MCB, TBZ, FNM | Y136F | ND | Yes | Cyp51B | 2 |
| MCB | Y136F | ND | Yes | Cyp51 | 2 | |
| Puccinia triticina | EPZ | Y134F | ND | Yes | Cyp51B | 2 |
| Villosiclava virens | TBZ | Y137H | ND | Yes | Cyp51B | 15 |
| Pyrenophora teres | TBZ, MTZ, TRZ, DFZ, PRZ | F489L | ND | Yes | Cyp51A | 2 |
| Uncinula necator | TDM | Y136F | ND | No | Cyp51B | 2 |
| Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) | TDM, TBZ | Y136F, S509T | ND | ND | Cyp51B | 2 |
| BZZ | Y136F | ND | ND | Cyp51B | 2 | |
| TDM | Y136F, K147Q | ND | ND | Cyp51 | 2 | |
| Mycosphaerella graminicola (Zymoseptoria tritici) | TDM, TBZ, PRZ, TBZ, EPZ | Y137F, I381V, V136A, ΔY459, ΔG460 | ND | No | Cyp51 | 2 |
| TBZ, DFZ | I381V | ND | ND | Cyp51 | 2 | |
| TBZ, EPZ | Y461S, Y137F | ND | ND | Cyp51 | 16 | |
| PTZ, EPZ | S524T | ND | ND | Cyp51 | 16 | |
| Fusarium graminearum | TBZ | Y137H | ND | ND | Cyp51B | 17 |
| Penicillium digitatum | PRZ | Y136H, Q309H, G459S, F506I | ND | ND | Cyp51B | 18 |
| Ustilago maydis | PPZ | G464S | ND | ND | Cyp51 | 2 |
| Mycosphaerella fijiensis | TDM, FSZ, PPZ | Y136F, A313G, Y461D, Y463D/N/H | ND | No | Cyp51A | 19 |
| Cercospora beticola | TTZ | Absent | Absent | Yes | Cyp51B | 20 |
| EPZ | Absent | Absent | Yes | Cyp51 | 21 | |
| Sclerotinia homoeocarpa | PPZ | Absent | Absent | Yes | Cyp51 | 22 |
a
ND, not determined or not described; IMZ, imazalil; PRZ, prochloraz; TFZ, triflumizole; MTZ, metconazole; TBZ, tebuconazole; EPZ, epoxiconazole; BRZ, bromuconazole; DFZ, difenoconazole; BTN, bitertanol; MCB, myclobutanil; TDM, triadimenol; PPZ, propiconazole; FNM, fenarimol; FBZ, fenbuconazole; FSZ, flusilazole; PTZ, prothioconazole; BZZ, benzimidazole; TTZ, tetraconazole; TRZ, triticonazole.