TABLE 1.
Penetration of antibiotics into host cells and biofilms
| Antibiotic class | Antibiotic example(s) | Host cell penetrationa | Biofilm penetrationa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Macrolide | Azithromycin, telithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin | Efficient (59, 62, 145) | Efficient (146, 147) |
| Aminoglycoside | Gentamicin, tobramycin | Poor (26, 59) | Impeded/retarded penetration into biofilms (26, 148) |
| Oxazolidinone | Linezolid | Conflicting data on accumulation (59, 149) | Efficient (150) |
| β-lactam | Penicillin V, nafcillin, ampicillin, oxacillin | Poor penetration and low accumulation (53, 56–59, 61) | Impeded (21) |
| Glycopeptide | Vancomycin | Poor (59, 61, 62) | Penetration is retarded but can reach therapeutic levels within the biofilm (20, 151, 152) |
| Ansamycin | Rifampicin | Efficient (60–62) | Efficient (20, 27) |
| Quinolone | Ciprofloxacin, levofloxavin, moxifloxacin | Efficient (59, 61, 145) | Efficient (26, 153, 154) |
| Cephalosporin | Cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime | Poor (59, 61) | Impeded (21) |
| Tetracycline | Minocycline | Moderate (58, 59, 61) | Efficient (22, 155) |
| Lipopetide | Daptomycin | Poor (59) | Efficient (24, 25) |
| Lincosamide | Clindamycin | Temp dependent; moderate penetration at 37°C (58, 59) | Limited data on penetration (156) |
a
References are in parentheses.