Table 3.

Subgroup analysis of job strain model quadrants and T2DM risk. [T2DM=type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI=body mass index; RR=relative risk; CI=confidence interval].

	Reports (N)	RR	95 %CI	I2 (%)	P a
	Gender
Men	9	0.98	0.66–1.44	66.4	0.003
High strain	3	0.95	0.42–2.14	74.4	0.020
Active	3	0.92	0.42–2.02	73.8	0.022
Passive	3	1.07	0.50–2.29	71	0.003
Women	12	1.18	0.92–1.52	49.6	0.026
High strain	4	1.62	1.04–2.55	48.2	0.122
Active	4	0.93	0.59–1.46	44	0.147
Passive	4	1.12	0.69–1.83	47.3	0.127
Both	3	1.11	0.90–1.37	61.6	0.008
High strain	1	1.45	1.00–2.10
Active	1	1.32	0.95–1.84
Passive	1	1.13	0.79–1.60
Study location
North American	9	1.14	0.92–1.41	44.8	0.070
High strain	3	1.38	0.98–1.94	30.4	0.238
Active	3	1.00	0.72–1.37	37.6	0.201
Passive	3	1.13	0.65–1.97	65.4	0.056
Europe	15	1.12	0.85–1.48	59.8	0.002
High strain	5	1.29	0.70–2.41	73.8	0.004
Active	5	1.01	0.55–1.87	66.6	0.017
Passive	5	1.09	0.72–1.67	45.1	0.122
T2DM ascertainment
Self-reported	6
High strain	2	1.77	1.14–2.74	0	0.841
Active	2	0.96	0.49–1.90	68.8	0.074
Passive	2	1.43	0.69–2.95	54.0	0.140
Objectively defined	18
High strain	6	1.21	0.79–1.85	67.5	0.009
Active	6	1.01	0.68–1.50	59.2	0.032
Passive	6	1.00	0.73–1.37	41.3	0.130
Controlling smoking in models
Yes	18	1.06	0.89–1.27	56.9	0.002
High strain	6	1.27	0.88–1.83	68.2	0.008
Active	6	0.92	0.67–1.27	59.7	0.030
Passive	6	1.03	0.77–0.37	43.2	0.117
No	6	1.73	1.08–2.78	17.6	0.300
High strain	2	1.84	0.58–5.84	50.8	0.154
Active	2	1.80	0.84–3.88	5.7	0.303
Passive	2	1.78	0.51–3.20	65.7	0.088
Controlling drinking in models
Yes	12	1.18	1.01–1.38	35.6	0.106
High strain	4	1.36	1.09–1.68	2.50	0.380
Active	4	1.09	0.84–1.41	39.3	0.176
Passive	4	1.11	0.79–1.55	50.2	0.111
No	12	1.10	0.72–1.66	62.8	0.002
High strain	4	1.30	0.53–3.21	76.7	0.005
Active	4	0.93	0.39–2.22	67.3	0.027
Passive	4	1.13	0.59–2.18	57.6	0.070
Controlling physical activity in models
Yes	12	0.97	0.79–1.20	53.6	0.005
High strain	4	1.10	0.68–1.78	75.6	0.006
Active	4	0.87	0.56–1.36	67.3	0.027
Passive	4	0.92	0.72–1.19	17.7	0.303
No	12	1.44	1.10–1.90	33.3	0.124
High strain	4	1.75	1.20–2.57	0	0.556
Active	4	1.20	0.71–2.04	51.4	0.104
Passive	4	1.52	0.89–2.61	41.2	0.164
Controlling BMI in models
Yes	18	1.06	0.89–1.27	56.9	0.002
High strain	6	1.27	0.88–1.83	68.2	0.008
Active	6	0.92	0.67–1.27	59.7	0.030
Passive	6	1.03	0.77–0.37	43.2	0.117
No	6	1.73	1.08–2.78	17.6	0.300
High strain	2	1.84	0.58–5.84	50.8	0.154
Active	2	1.80	0.84–3.88	5.7	0.303
Passive	2	1.78	0.51–3.20	65.7	0.088
Controlling history of T2DM in models
Yes	12	0.97	0.79–1.20	53.6	0.005
High strain	4	1.10	0.68–1.78	75.6	0.006
Active	4	0.87	0.56–1.36	67.3	0.027
Passive	4	0.92	0.72–1.19	17.7	0.303
No	12	1.44	1.10–1.90	33.3	0.124
High strain	4	1.75	1.20–2.57	0	0.556
Active	4	1.20	0.71–2.04	51.4	0.104
Passive	4	1.52	0.89–2.61	41.2	0.164
Controlling education in models
Yes	15
High strain	5	1.33	0.81–2.19	73.6	0.004
Active	5	0.86	0.54–1.35	67.7	0.015
Passive	5	1.10	0.77–1.58	43.2	1.133
No	9
High strain	3	1.31	0.76–2.25	33.6	0.222
Active	3	1.26	0.75–2.09	34.0	0.220
Passive	3	1.22	0.59–2.52	63.0	0.067

^aP-value for heterogeneity