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. 2021 Apr 22;6(11):4110–4140. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.043

Fig. 11.

Fig. 11

Crosstalk among immune cells and its effect on osteogenesis. During the bone homeostasis and healing process, immune cells can regulate the balance between osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. They communicate and cooperate via cytokines [294,355], which can be used as biomolecules in BTE immunomodulatory scaffolds.