Skip to main content
. 2021 Apr 22;6(2):85–94. doi: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.04.001

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

The heterogeneous and endogenous pathways involved in lycopene production in E. coli. Green arrows: the heterogeneous MVA pathway and lycopene expression pathway. Black arrows: the endogenous pathway. The heterogeneous MVA pathway is from acetyl-CoA to isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, while the endogenous MEP pathway comes from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Intermediates: A-CoA, acetyl-CoA; AA-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA; HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; MVA, mevalonate; MVA-5-P, mevalonate 5-phosphate; MVA-5-PP, mevalonate pyrophosphate; IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; Pyr, pyruvate; G3P, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; DXP, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate; MEP, 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate; CDP-ME, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol; CDP-MEP, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate; ME-cPP, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclopyrophosphate; HMBPP, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-pyrophosphate. Heterogeneous pathway genes: mvaE, acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase/HMG-CoA reductase gene; mvaS, HMG-CoA synthase gene; mvk, mevalonate kinase gene; mvaK2, phosphomevalonate kinase gene; mvd1, mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase gene; fni, IPP isomerase gene; idsA, bifunctional short chain isoprenyl diphosphate synthase gene; crtB, phytoene synthase gene; crtI, phytoene desaturase gene.