Table 2.

The diagnostic criteria of PJI of the shoulder

Major criteria (at least one of the following)

Presence of a sinus tract from the skin surface to the prosthesis

Gross intra-articular pus

Two positive tissue cultures with phenotypically identical virulent organisms

Minor criteria (combined scoring system)

Unexpected wound drainage

Single-positive tissue culture with virulent organism

Single-positive tissue culture with low-virulence organism

Second-positive tissue culture (identical low-virulence organism)

Humeral loosening

Positive frozen section

Positive preoperative aspirate culture

Elevated synovial neutrophil percentage

Elevated synovial WBC count

Elevated ESR

Elevated CRP level

Elevated synovial Alpha-defensin level

Cloudy fluid

PJI periprosthetic joint infection, WBC white blood cell, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP C-reactive protein