Table 4.

Characteristics of culture-positive and culture-negative patients

Characteristics	Culture-positive	Culture-negative	p value
Cases (%) (samples)	82 (75%) (204)	27 (25%) (95)
Median age (range)	70 years (18–87)	72 years (18–86)	0.17
Gender	27 male/55 female	13 male/14 female	0.15
Comorbidity
Hypertension	32 (39%)	11 (41%)	0.88
Diabetes mellitus	11 (13%)	6 (22%)	0.27
Renal insufficiency	7 (8.5%)	4 (15%)	0.35
Liver cirrhosis	8 (9.8%)	3 (11%)	0.84
Cardiovascular disease	12 (15%)	3 (11%)	0.64
COPD	3 (3.7%)	1 (3.7%)	0.99
Rheumatoid arthritis	5 (6.1%)	4 (15%)	0.15
Mean follow-up (months)	55 (18–98)	41 (18–92)	0.011*
Mean ASA physical status	2.06	2	0.23
Type of infection			0.15
Early postoperative	7 (8.5%)	6 (22%)
Acute hematogenous	15 (18%)	5 (19%)
Chronic	60 (73%)	16 (59%)
Type of implant			0.51
THA	49 (60%)	12 (44%)
Hip hemi-arthroplasty	6 (7.3%)	5 (19%)
Hip megaprosthesis	5 (6.1%)	2 (7.4%)
TKA	11 (13%)	6 (22%)
Knee megaprosthesis	6 (7.3%)	1 (3.7%)
Shoulder hemi-arthroplasty	4 (4.9%)	1 (3.7%)
TEA	1 (1.2%)	0 (0%)
Type of samples			0.072
Tissue	142 (70%)	62 (65%)
Fluid sample	60 (29%)	28 (29%)
Drain	2 (1.0%)	5 (5.3%)
Prior antimicrobial administration			0.62
Yes	50 (61%)	15 (56%)
No	32 (39%)	12 (44%)
Treatment			0.044*
One-stage	6 (7.3%)	4 (15%)
Two-stage	54 (66%)	12 (44%)
DAIR	14 (17%)	7 (26%)
Resection arthroplasty	8 (10%)	2 (7.4%)
Observation	0 (0%)	2 (7.4%)
Treatment success			0.088
Yes	72 (88%)	20 (74%)
No	10 (12%)	7 (26%)

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, THA total hip arthroplasty, TKA total knee arthroplasty, TEA total elbow arthroplasty, DAIR debridement antibiotics and implant retention

^*p value < 0.05