TABLE 1.
Characteristics of 655 Bogalusa metabolome study participants
| Whites (491) | Blacks (164) | P-value for race difference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | All (655) | White males (192) | White females (299) | Black males (65) | Black females (99) | Men | Women |
| Sociodemographic and lifestyle | |||||||
| Age (years) mean (SD) | 47.6 (5.4) | 48.7 (5.1) | 47.9 (5.1) | 45.3 (6.2) | 46.3 (5.5) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Posthigh school education [n (%)] | 373 (57.0) | 104 (54.2) ‡ | 201 (67.2) | 19 (29.3) ‡ | 49 (49.49) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Cigarette smoking [n (%)] | <0.01 | 0.47 | |||||
| Never | 340 (51.9) | 96 (50.0) | 162 (54.2) | 25 (38.5) ‡ | 57 (57.6) | ||
| Former | 197 (30.1) | 63 (32.8) | 94 (31.4) | 15 (23.0) | 25 (25.2) | ||
| Current | 118 (18.0) | 33 (17.2) | 43 (14.4) | 25 (38.5) | 17 (17.2) | ||
| Alcohol drinking [n (%)] | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||||
| Never | 72 (11.0) | 8 (4.2) | 29 (9.7) | 13 (20.0) | 22 (22.2) | ||
| Former | 200 (30.5) | 64 (33.3) | 87 (29.1) | 20 (30.8) | 29 (29.3) | ||
| Current | 383 (58.5) | 120 (62.5) | 183 (61.2) | 32 (49.2) | 48 (48.5) | ||
| Nutritional | |||||||
| 1-methylhistidine [mean (SD)] | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.4 (0.9) b | 2.9 (1.0) | 3.5 (1.1) b | 2.7 (0.9) | 0.42 | 0.14 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day), mean (SD) | 2379.7 (1029.9) | 2720.7 (1045.8) b | 2085.2 (872.3) | 2858.4 (1124.7) b | 2293.6 (1074.6) | 0.37 | 0.08 |
| Total animal protein intake (g/day), mean (SD) | 69.2 (39.0) | 84.5 (41.9) b | 60.5 (33.8) | 76.9 (40.9) b | 60.9 (37.2) | 0.21 | 0.93 |
| Red meat intake, servings/week, median (Q1, Q3) | 2.5 (1.0, 4.0) | 3.3 (2.3, 5.3) b | 1.8 (0.9, 4.0) | 2.5 (0.9, 6.0) a | 2.0 (0.6, 3.8) | 0.08 | 0.30 |
| Processed meat intake, servings/week, median (Q1, Q3) | 6.4 (3.9, 11.9) | 8.5 (4.8, 15.6) b | 5.8 (3.5, 10.0) | 8.4 (4.6, 17.1) b | 5.0 (2.8, 9.8) | 0.99 | 0.23 |
| Poultry intake, servings/week, median (Q1, Q3) | 3.4 (1.6, 6.6) | 4.4 (2.5, 7.1) b | 2.4 (1.3, 5.5) | 6.0 (2.9, 8.6) a | 4.1 (1.8, 6.6) | 0.04 | <0.01 |
| Fish intake, servings/week, median (Q1, Q3) | 3.1 (1.8, 5.3) | 3.4 (2.0, 5.7) b | 2.8 (1.5, 4.5) | 3.3 (1.8, 6.0) | 4.0 (2.3, 6.3) | 0.84 | <0.01 |
| Dairy intake, servings/week, median (Q1, Q3) | 5.3 (2.5, 10.3) | 7.5 (3.8, 13.9) | 6.1 (2.9, 10.6) | 3.2 (1.5, 6.1) | 2.9 (1.5, 6.0) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Egg intake, servings/week, median (Q1, Q3) | 2.0 (1.3, 4.0) | 3.0 (1.3, 6.0) b | 2.0 (1.1, 4.0) | 2.5 (1.3, 6.0) | 1.9 (0.6, 4.0) | 0.55 | 0.46 |
| Dietary vitamin E, mg/day, mean (SD) | 12.5 (6.1) | 13.7 (6.5)‡ | 11.5 (5.7) | 13.8 (6.4) | 12.4 (5.5) | 0.93 | 0.15 |
| Dietary sodium, mg/day, mean (SD) | 4403.1 (1958.8) | 4880.9 (2032.4) b | 3968.9 (1673.7) | 5216.8 (2336.4) b | 4253.7 (1997.2) | 0.27 | 0.20 |
| Dietary potassium (mg/day), mean (SD) | 3106.2 (1369.5) | 3515.3 (1452.8) b | 2815.6 (1170.1) | 3474.5 (1463.8) b | 2948.9 (1462.7) | 0.85 | 0.41 |
| Hemodynamic | |||||||
| Hypertension [n (%)] | 263 (40.2) | 96 (50.0) b | 83 (27.8) | 39 (60.0) | 45 (45.5) | 0.16 | <0.01 |
| SBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 120.9 (15.2) | 124.7 (12.2) b | 116.2 (14.1) | 128.4 (15.9) a | 122.7 (18.7) | 0.09 | <0.01 |
| DBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 76.8 (10.5) | 78.9 (9.1) b | 74.3 (10.0) | 80.0 (11.9) | 78.5 (11.6) | 0.48 | <0.01 |
| Metabolic | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 29.7 (6.6) | 29.7 (5.3)a | 28.6 (6.3) | 30.1 (8.6)a | 32.7 (7.7) | 0.73 | <0.01 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 115.0 (34.4) | 116.5 (33.4) | 117.2 (32.7) | 113.7 (30.4) | 112.8 (42.8) | 0.54 | 0.35 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 53.6 (17.0) | 43.1 (11.9) b | 59.7 (17.0) | 52.4 (16.3) | 56.5 (15.8) | <0.01 | 0.11 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%), mean (SD) | 5.7 (0.8) | 5.7 (0.8) | 5.6 (0.8) | 5.8 (1.0) | 5.7 (0.6) | 0.28 | 0.10 |
| Serum triglycerides (mg/dl), median (Q1, Q3) | 101.0 (73.0, 144.0) | 117.0 (84.5, 162.5) | 98.0 (73.0, 144.0) | 88.0 (66.0, 117.0) | 82.0 (63.0, 115.0) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Renal | |||||||
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2), mean (SD) | 94.1 (14.9) | 90.3 (13.6) a | 93.0 (12.9) | 94.5 (17.8) b | 104.2 (16.9) | 0.09 | <0.01 |
| Urine protein [n (%)] | <0.01 | 0.03 | |||||
| Negative | 524 (80.0) | 163 (84.9) | 253 (84.6) | 0 (0.0) b | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Trace | 69 (10.5) | 19 (9.9) | 25 (8.4) | 37 (56.9) | 71 (71.7) | ||
| > 30–100 mg/dl | 49 (7.5) | 7 (3.7) | 17 (5.7) | 7 (10.8) | 18 (18.2) | ||
| > 100–300 mg/dl | 11 (1.7) | 2 (1.0) | 3 (1.0) | 18 (27.7) | 7 (7.1) | ||
| >300 mg/dl | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (4.6) | 3 (3.0) | ||
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; n, number of individuals; Q1, quartile 1; Q3, quartile 3; SD, standard deviation.
a
Sex difference P value 0.05 or less.
b
Sex difference P value 0.01 or less.