Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes treated with an SGLT2i stratified by baseline BMI
| Normal BMI < 23 (n = 1,203) | Overweight BMI 23.0–24.9 (n = 1,518) | Obese I BMI 25.0–27.4 (n = 2,465) | Obese II BMI 27.5–29.9 (n = 2,026) | Obese III BMI 30.0 (n = 3,025) | P value (ANOVA) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Diabetes duration (year) | 8.5 ± 3.6 | 8.4 ± 3.7 | 8.5 ± 3.5 | 8.3 ± 3.6 | 7.6 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 |
| Age (year) | 62.0 ± 10.7 | 61.1 ± 10.7 | 60.0 ± 10.7 | 58.9 ± 10.9 | 54.6 ± 12.1 | < 0.001 |
| Female | 601 (50) | 643 (42) | 1042 (42) | 768 (38) | 1290 (43) | < 0.001 |
| Ischemic heart etiology | 89 (7) | 123 (8) | 215 (9) | 194 (10) | 194 (6) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 630 (52) | 878 (58) | 1634 (66) | 1437 (71) | 2264 (75) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 799 (66) | 1125 (74) | 1883 (76) | 1536 (77) | 2318 (77) | < 0.001 |
| Cerebral vascular accidents | 53 (4) | 75 (5) | 111 (5) | 90 (4) | 110 (4) | 0.273 |
| Congestive heart failure | 47 (4) | 42 (3) | 78 (3) | 66 (3) | 98 (3) | 0.585 |
| Chronic lung disease | 26 (2) | 29 (2) | 42 (2) | 36 (2) | 89 (3) | 0.011 |
| Chronic liver disease | 308 (26) | 353 (23) | 680 (28) | 588 (29) | 912 (30) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 208 (17) | 248 (16) | 415 (17) | 338 (17) | 543 (18) | 0.633 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 13 (1) | 15 (1) | 22 (1) | 18 (1) | 21 (1) | 0.741 |
| Gout | 70 (6) | 115 (8) | 227 (9) | 241 (12) | 386 (13) | < 0.001 |
| Malignancy | 111 (9) | 155 (10) | 203 (8) | 125 (6) | 213 (7) | < 0.001 |
| Vital sign | ||||||
| Height (cm) | 160.6 ± 12.2 | 161.8 ± 11.8 | 161.8 ± 10.9 | 162.6 ± 11.8 | 162.1 ± 14.2 | < 0.001 |
| Body weight (KG) | 56.6 ± 7.4 | 63.8 ± 6.8 | 69.2 ± 7.6 | 76.5 ± 8.4 | 89.3 ± 14.3 | < 0.001 |
| BMI | 21.4 ± 1.4 | 24.1 ± 0.6 | 26.2 ± 0.7 | 28.6 ± 0.7 | 33.6 ± 3.8 | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 133.4 ± 20.8 | 136.5 ± 18.9 | 138.2 ± 20.0 | 140.2 ± 18.5 | 142.0 ± 19.2 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.7 ± 10.9 | 76.1 ± 11.1 | 77.2 ± 11.1 | 78.8 ± 11.4 | 80.8 ± 11.4 | < 0.001 |
| HR (bpm) | 85.0 ± 13.5 | 84.0 ± 13.3 | 84.0 ± 13.3 | 84.4 ± 13.1 | 85.8 ± 13.7 | < 0.001 |
| Baseline laboratory data | ||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 9.1 ± 1.8 | 8.8 ± 1.6 | 8.8 ± 1.6 | 8.8 ± 1.6 | 8.7 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/m2) | 97.1 ± 33.9 | 93.6 ± 29.1 | 93.0 ± 30.3 | 91.7 ± 28.2 | 96.1 ± 29.4 | < 0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 28.3 ± 27.3 | 29.4 ± 31.3 | 33.3 ± 64.0 | 35.0 ± 33.6 | 40.8 ± 32.3 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 137.6 ± 135.0 | 157.9 ± 141.0 | 180.6 ± 230.6 | 199.7 ± 323.8 | 198.1 ± 187.9 | < 0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 94.9 ± 30.8 | 93.3 ± 29.9 | 92.2 ± 30.5 | 93.7 ± 31.2 | 94.4 ± 29.2 | 0.050 |
| HDL (mg/d) | 48.3 ± 14.1 | 45.1 ± 11.1 | 43.7 ± 10.9 | 42.9 ± 10.4 | 42.4 ± 10.3 | < 0.001 |
| Baseline medications | ||||||
| Anti-platelet agent | 336 (28) | 494 (33) | 814 (33) | 689 (34) | 958 (32) | 0.006 |
| Statin | 653 (54) | 928 (61) | 1566 (64) | 1298 (64) | 1880 (62) | < 0.001 |
| Non-dihydropyridine CCB | 52 (4) | 67 (4) | 106 (4) | 131 (6) | 180 (6) | 0.001 |
| Dihydropyridine CCB | 135 (11) | 210 (14) | 387 (16) | 330 (16) | 554 (18) | < 0.001 |
| Beta-blocker | 278 (23) | 421 (28) | 747 (30) | 708 (35) | 1082 (36) | < 0.001 |
| ACEI or ARB or ARNI | 527 (44) | 777 (51) | 1440 (58) | 1288 (64) | 2081 (69) | < 0.001 |
| MRA | 30 (2) | 20 (1) | 64 (3) | 57 (3) | 95 (3) | 0.008 |
| Loop diuretics | 72 (6) | 76 (5) | 156 (6) | 120 (6) | 237 (8) | 0.003 |
| Thiazides | 4 (0) | 7 (0) | 13 (1) | 8 (0) | 33 (1) | 0.005 |
| Nitrate | 61 (5) | 68 (4) | 150 (6) | 141 (7) | 178 (6) | 0.023 |
| Digoxin | 14 (1) | 10 (1) | 21 (1) | 13 (1) | 21 (1) | 0.469 |
| Anti-diabetic agent | ||||||
| SU | 833 (69) | 1070 (70) | 1698 (69) | 1340 (66) | 1968 (65) | 0.001 |
| Metformin | 1061 (88) | 1357 (89) | 2253 (91) | 1850 (91) | 2762 (91) | 0.004 |
| Glinide | 61 (5) | 39 (3) | 85 (3) | 61 (3) | 82 (3) | 0.001 |
| DPP4i | 655 (54) | 772 (51) | 1229 (50) | 981 (48) | 1356 (45) | < 0.001 |
| Glitazone | 263 (22) | 351 (23) | 594 (24) | 564 (28) | 803 (27) | < 0.001 |
| Acarbose | 297 (25) | 329 (22) | 518 (21) | 406 (20) | 565 (19) | < 0.001 |
| Insulin | 262 (22) | 258 (17) | 415 (17) | 345 (17) | 478 (16) | < 0.001 |
| GLP1 agonist | 3 (0) | 8 (1) | 14 (1) | 10 (0) | 45 (1) | < 0.001 |
ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; BMI: body mass index; CCB: calcium channel blocker; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DPP4i: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP1: glucagon-like peptide 1; HBA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HR: heart rate; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SGLT2i: sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor; SU: sulfonylurea
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (%)