TABLE 5.
Effect on Depression of Work-Related Factors Among Those Who Reported Change in Work (489 Women and 155 Men): Relative Rate (RR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) of the Change in Continuous HADS Scores
| Women | Men | |||||
| RR∗ | 95% CI | RR∗ | 95% CI | |||
| Work since start of epidemic | ||||||
| Essential worker? | ||||||
| Yes | 0.89 | 0.75 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 0.80 | 1.33 |
| Maybe | 1.03 | 0.87 | 1.22 | 1.12 | 0.76 | 1.66 |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| One-on-one contact with people | 0.91 | 0.82 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.84 | 1.29 |
| One-on-one contact with known or suspected people with COVID-19 | ||||||
| Yes | 1.08 | 0.83 | 1.41 | 1.10 | 0.74 | 1.64 |
| Do not know | 0.94 | 0.82 | 1.08 | 0.99 | 0.75 | 1.30 |
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Employment status at time of survey | ||||||
| Contractor | 1.05 | 0.83 | 1.33 | 0.96 | 0.64 | 1.44 |
| Hourly | 1.09 | 0.93 | 1.27 | 1.26 | 0.90 | 1.77 |
| Missing | ||||||
| Other | 0.85 | 0.65 | 1.10 | 1.18 | 0.68 | 2.05 |
| Salaried | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Days a week worked | ||||||
| 5+ vs <5 | 0.97 | 0.85 | 1.11 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 1.29 |
| Hours a week worked | ||||||
| 40+ vs <40 | 1.13 | 1.00 | 1.27 | 1.08 | 0.86 | 1.34 |
| Access to paid sick leave/disability through work | ||||||
| No | 1.07 | 0.89 | 1.30 | 1.33 | 0.93 | 1.90 |
| Unsure | 0.95 | 0.72 | 1.26 | 0.98 | 0.51 | 1.85 |
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Period unable to work due to high risk of spreading of COVID-19 | 1.05 | 0.89 | 1.23 | 1.03 | 0.75 | 1.41 |
| Change in work hours | ||||||
| Lost work | 1.03 | 0.79 | 1.34 | 1.25 | 0.82 | 1.89 |
| Less | 1.09 | 0.93 | 1.27 | 1.04 | 0.79 | 1.37 |
| More | 1.05 | 0.92 | 1.20 | 1.02 | 0.75 | 1.39 |
| Same | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Did not start or substantially increase telecommuting | 0.95 | 0.81 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 0.85 | 1.56 |
| Concerned about return to work | 1.12 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 1.26 | 1.04 | 1.53 |
| Struggle with balancing work and childcare | 1.08 | 0.88 | 1.31 | 1.27 | 0.93 | 1.74 |
| Perceptions of work in most recent week† | ||||||
| My hours of work are about the same | 0.99 | 0.94 | 1.04 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 1.09 |
| My work tasks are about the same | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.06 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 1.08 |
| Support† | ||||||
| My immediate family | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.87 | 1.05 |
| My coworkers | 1.00 | 0.94 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 0.91 | 1.21 |
| My employer | 0.96 | 0.91 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 1.13 |
| City of Philadelphia | 1.04 | 0.96 | 1.12 | 1.22 | 1.03 | 1.44 |
| My worker union | 0.99 | 0.92 | 1.06 | 0.89 | 0.78 | 1.02 |
| Were unwell for 2 or more consecutive days (whether or not worked)? | 1.12 | 0.99 | 1.26 | 1.23 | 0.98 | 1.54 |
∗
Adjusted for age, education, income, children living at home, phase of stay-at-home order, general health; not all effect estimates for support shown; effect estimates for missing categories are not shown.
†
Estimates are per 25 units on Likert-like scale.