Table 2.
Characteristics of patients by outcome of hospitalization in a retrospective cohort from a telemedicine monitoring program in Atlanta, Georgia, with enrollment between March 24 and May 26, 2020.
| Characteristic | Nonhospitalized patients (n=461) | Hospitalized patients (n=35) | Unadjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | |||||
| Age (years), mean (95% CI) | 46.7 (45.4-48.1) | 59.1 (55.2-63.1) | N/Aa | <.001b | |||||
| Days from first symptom to visit, mean (95% CI) | 9.4 (8.6-10.2) | 7.4 (5.2-9.6) | N/A | .16b | |||||
| Days from COVID-19 test to visit, mean (95% CI) | 3.7 (3.4-4.0) | 2.7 (1.9-3.5) | N/A | .09b | |||||
| Follow-up duration (days), mean (95% CI) | 13.4 (12.6-14.3) | 8.5 (5.0-12.1) | N/A | .003b | |||||
| Age category (years), n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
18-29 (n=78) | 78 (16.9) | 0 (0) | N/A | —c | ||||
| 30-39 (n=84) | 81 (17.6) | 3 (8.6) | Reference | — | |||||
| 40-49 (n=106) | 103 (22.3) | 3 (8.6) | 0.71 (0.14-3.53) | .68 | |||||
| 50-59 (n=115) | 105 (22.8) | 10 (28.6) | 2.16 (0.59-7.85) | .24 | |||||
| 60-69 (n=84) | 68 (14.8) | 16 (45.7) | 4.89 (1.42-16.79) | .01 | |||||
| ≥70 (n=29) | 26 (5.6) | 3 (8.6) | 2.32 (0.47-11.52) | .31 | |||||
| Race, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
Other (n=147) | 141 (30.6) | 6 (17.1) | Reference | — | ||||
| Black (n=252) | 234 (50.8) | 18 (51.4) | 1.59 (0.63-4.01) | .33 | |||||
| White (n=97) | 86 (18.7) | 11 (31.4) | 2.59 (0.96-7.01) | .06 | |||||
| Gender, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
Female (n=330) | 311 (67.5) | 19 (54.3) | Reference | — | ||||
| Male (n=166) | 150 (32.5) | 16 (45.7) | 1.76 (0.91-3.43) | .10 | |||||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
Asthma (n=73) | 67 (14.5) | 6 (17.1) | 1.07 (0.44-2.59) | .88 | ||||
| Cancer or malignancy (n=37) | 34 (7.4) | 3 (8.6) | 1.07 (0.33-3.50) | .91 | |||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n=5) | 4 (0.9) | 1 (2.9) | 2.58 (0.35-18.84) | .35 | |||||
| Coronary artery disease (n=24) | 18 (3.9) | 6 (17.1) | 3.71 (1.54-8.96) | .004 | |||||
| Diabetes (n=69) | 56 (12.1) | 13 (37.1) | 3.59 (1.81-7.12) | <.001 | |||||
| Drug abuse or addiction (n=4) | 3 (0.7) | 1 (2.9) | 4.29 (0.59-31.45) | .15 | |||||
| Heart failure (n=10) | 6 (1.3) | 4 (11.4) | 5.84 (2.06-16.55) | <.001 | |||||
| Hypertension (n=175) | 157 (34.1) | 18 (51.4) | 1.75 (0.90-3.40) | .10 | |||||
| Immune suppression (n=30) | 30 (6.5) | 0 (0) | 0.05 (0.00-16.22) | .30 | |||||
| Lung disease (n=17) | 14 (3.0) | 3 (8.6) | 2.10 (0.64-6.88) | .22 | |||||
| Obesity reportedd (n=147) | 130 (28.2) | 17 (48.6) | 2.27 (1.17-4.41) | .02 | |||||
| Obesity correctede (n=212) | 186 (87.7) | 26 (74.3) | 3.83 (1.80-8.18) | <.001 | |||||
| Renal disease (n=16) | 13 (2.8) | 3 (8.6) | 2.35 (0.72-7.71) | .16 | |||||
| Number of diagnoses, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
0 (healthy) (n=174) | 170 (36.9) | 4 (11.4) | Reference | — | ||||
| 1 (n=158) | 148 (32.1) | 10 (28.6) | 2.61 (0.82-8.34) | .11 | |||||
| 2 (n=91) | 83 (18.0) | 8 (22.9) | 3.43 (1.03-11.40) | .04 | |||||
| ≥3 (n=73) | 60 (13.0) | 13 (37.1) | 6.77 (2.20-20.83) | <.001 | |||||
| Ability to self-isolate safely, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
Adequate (n=409) | 383 (83.1) | 26 (74.3) | Reference | — | ||||
| Inadequate (n=9) | 7 (1.5) | 2 (5.7) | 3.80 (0.90-16.05) | .07 | |||||
| Unknown (n=78) | 71 (15.4) | 7 (20.0) | Unknown | — | |||||
| Severity of symptoms, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
None or mild (n=316) | 301 (65.3) | 15 (42.9) | Reference | — | ||||
| Moderate (n=134) | 121 (26.2) | 13 (37.1) | 1.79 (0.85-3.77) | .13 | |||||
| Severe (n=9) | 6 (1.3) | 3 (8.6) | 6.82 (1.95-23.83) | .003 | |||||
| Unknown (n=37) | 33 (7.2) | 4 (11.4) | Unknown | — | |||||
| Symptoms course, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
Improving (n=264) | 253 (54.9) | 11 (31.4) | Reference | — | ||||
| Stable (n=155) | 143 (31.0) | 12 (34.3) | 1.84 (0.81-4.17) | .15 | |||||
| Worsening (n=31) | 24 (5.2) | 7 (20.0) | 5.43 (2.10-14.03) | <.001 | |||||
| Unknown (n=46) | 41 (8.9) | 5 (14.3) | Unknown | — | |||||
| Tier, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
1 (n=237) | 234 (50.8) | 3 (8.6) | Reference | — | ||||
| 2 (n=185) | 170 (36.9) | 15 (42.9) | 5.29 (1.53-18.32) | .009 | |||||
| 3 (n=74) | 57 (12.4) | 17 (48.6) | 16.24 (4.74-55.59) | <.001 | |||||
aN/A: not applicable; unadjusted hazard ratio was not calculated.
bP value was based on a t test.
cNot calculated, either because the unadjusted hazard ratio value was not calculated or was unknown or because the characteristic was used as reference.
dBMI ≥30 recorded in Virtual Outpatient Monitoring Clinic (VOMC) intake note by provider; BMI is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
eBMI ≥30 determined by height and weight data in electronic medical record or recorded in VOMC intake note; BMI is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.