Summary of findings 2. IF compared to CER (short term) for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
| IF compared to CER (short term) for the prevention of cardiovascular disease | ||||||
| Patient or population: the prevention of cardiovascular disease Setting: outpatient Intervention: IF Comparison: CER (Short term) (≤ 3 months) | ||||||
|
Outcomes (4 to 12 weeks follow‐up) |
Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect (95% CI) | № of participants (RCTs) | Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) | Comments | |
| Risk with CER | Risk with IF | |||||
| All‐cause mortality | No trials reported data on these outcomes | |||||
| CV Mortality | ||||||
| Stroke | ||||||
| MI | ||||||
| Heart failure | ||||||
| Absolute change in body weight (kg) (4 to 12 weeks follow‐up) |
The mean change from baseline ranged from ‐7.4kg to ‐1.7kg | MD 0.88 lower (1.76 lower to 0.0 higher) | ‐ | 719 (10 studies) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very lowa,b,c |
The difference between groups is not clinically meaningful, as it represents less than a 5% reduction in baseline body weight. |
| Absolute change in Glucose (mmol/L) (4 to 12 weeks follow‐up) |
The mean change from baseline ranged from ‐0.4 to 1.1 mmol/L. | MD 0.02 lower (0.16 lower to 0.12 higher) | ‐ | 582 (9 studies) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very lowc,d,e |
The difference between groups is not clinically meaningful, as it represents less than a 5% reduction in baseline glucose. |
| *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CER: continuous energy restriction; CI: confidence interval; CV: cardiovascular IF: Intermittent fasting; MD: mean difference; MI: myocardial infarction; RCT: randomised controlled trial. | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. | ||||||
a We downgraded by one level for inconsistency, due to substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 66%).
b We downgraded by one level for study limitations, due to high risk of performance bias in all studies, an unclear or high risk of selection bias (inadequate allocation concealment), and an unclear risk of detection bias in 5 of the 10 studies.
c We downgraded by one level for imprecision, due to a wide confidence interval that includes both a possible benefit and a possible harm.
d We downgraded by one level for inconsistency, due to substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 73%).
e We downgraded by one level for study limitations, due to an unclear or high risk of selection bias (inadequate allocation concealment), and an unclear risk of detection bias in 5 of the 10 studies.