Hochhalter 2010.

Study characteristics
Methods	Randomised controlled trial USA
Participants	79 participants aged 65 or older with at least 2 of 7 qualifying chronic illnesses who had received treatment in previous 12 months Primary health care providers in “large Internal Medicine Clinic” in Medical School Teaching Hospital
Interventions	participant engagement intervention: “Making the most of your healthcare” comprising one 2‐hour workshop and 2 follow‐up phone calls before and after a subsequent routine medical appointment, delivered by ‘coaches’
Outcomes	Primary: Patient activation measure (PAM) Secondary: Communication with physicians scale HRQoL (HRQOL‐14); Self‐Efficacy for CDM
Notes	Intervention ran during first 3 months after baseline data collection; follow‐up at 6 months from baseline Comparison was 'attention control' ‐ workshop on safety in the home Study presented as a feasibility study
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Only reported as 'randomly assigned'
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	"interviews carried out by a research assistant blinded to group assignment"
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	81% follow‐up, balanced
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	None reported
Other bias	Low risk	None reported
Protection against contamination	Low risk	Control group had no access to patient‐oriented intervention
Reliable primary outcomes	Low risk	Valid measures used
Baseline measurement	Low risk	Groups comparable at baseline