FIG 1.

Illustration of the integrated e-scaffold. (a) Schematic illustration of the experimental setup. Each device was submerged in a well of a 12-well plate containing PBS composed of 32 mmol liter⁻¹ dipotassium phosphate (K₂HPO₄), 18 mmol liter⁻¹ monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄), and 0.9% (wt/vol) sodium chloride (NaCl), pH 7.0 (b) Chloride ions supplied by the dissociation of NaCl oxidized to chlorine at the working electrode (+1.5 V_Ag/AgCl).