Document type | Absolute effect (95% CI)* |
Relative effect RR (95% CI) |
Number of studies | Certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach for intervention studies** | Certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach for prognostic studies*** | |
Event rate in documents with conflicts of interest | Event rate in documents without conflicts of interest | |||||
Financial conflicts of interest | ||||||
Clinical guidelines | 54 (40 to 72) clinical guidelines with favourable recommendations per 100 clinical guidelines with financial conflicts of interest**** | 43 clinical guidelines with favourable recommendations per 100 clinical guidelines without financial conflicts of interest |
1.26 (0.93 to 1.69) |
4 studies including 86 clinical guidelines | Very low | Low |
Downgraded due to study limitations (four studies with high risk of bias) and imprecision (wide CI*****) | ||||||
Advisory committee reports | 78 (64 to 94) advisory committee reports with favourable recommendations per 100 advisory committee reports with financial conflicts of interest | 65 advisory committee reports with favourable recommendations per 100 advisory committee reports without financial conflicts of interest |
1.20 (0.99 to 1.45) |
4 studies including 629 advisory committee reports | Very low | Low |
Downgraded due to study limitations (two studies with high risk of bias) and imprecision (wide CI*****) | ||||||
Opinion pieces | 71 (25 to 100******) opinion pieces with favourable recommendations per 1000 opinion pieces with financial conflicts of interest | 27 opinion pieces with favourable recommendations per 100 opinion pieces without financial conflicts of interest |
2.62 (0.91 to 7.55) |
4 studies including 284 opinion pieces | Very low | Very low |
Downgraded due to study limitations (three studies with high risk of bias), imprecision (wide CI*****), and inconsistency (substantial statistical heterogeneity) | ||||||
Narrative reviews | 72 (58‐89) narrative reviews with favourable recommendations per 100 narrative reviews with financial conflicts of interest | 60 narrative reviews with favourable recommendations per 100 narrative reviews without financial conflicts of interest |
1.20 (0.97 to 1.49) |
4 studies including 457 narrative reviews | Very low | Low |
Downgraded due to study limitations (three studies with high risk of bias) and imprecision (wide CI*****) | ||||||
Non‐financial conflicts of interest | ||||||
Clinical guidelines | 90 (39‐100*****) clinical guidelines with favourable recommendations per 100 clinical guidelines with one or more radiology authors | 43 clinical guidelines with favourable recommendations per 100 clinical guidelines without radiology authors |
2.10 (0.92‐4.77) |
1 study including 12 clinical guidelines | Very low | Low |
Downgraded due to study limitations (one study with high risk of bias) and imprecision (wide CI*****) |