Jin 2016.

Study characteristics
Methods	Country: China Type of study: observational Design: cohort study (retrospective) Time frame: January 2013 to December 2014 Duration of follow‐up: each patient was followed for at least 30 days after catheter insertion (until January 2016).
Participants	Inclusion criteria: All ESKD patients, 18 to 85 years, who urgently initiated dialysis therapy at Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Number: treatment group (96); control group (82) Mean age ± SD (years): treatment group (55.2 ± 17.9); control group (51.2 ± 20.0) Sex (males): treatment group (56/96, 58.3%); control group (44/82, 53.7%) DM: treatment group (31/96, 32.3%); control group (20/82, 24.4%) Exclusion criteria: unable to tolerate or wait for PD catheter insertion, including severe respiratory insufficiency, severe acute heart failure, severe hyperkalaemia (> 6.5 mmol/L), and severe acidosis (serum bicarbonate < 12 mmol/L)
Interventions	Treatment group USPD Control group HD using dialysis catheter
Outcomes	Dialysis‐related complications Dialysis‐related complications required catheter reinsertion Non‐infectious complications (bleeding, leak, organ rupture, self‐removal, malposition) Infectious complications (peritonitis, catheter‐related infection)
Notes	PD patients had more cardiovascular disease but less heart failure compared with HD patients. The primary investigators were uncontactable for further information.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Selection: representativeness of exposed cohort	Low risk	Study included ESKD patients without permanent dialysis access, admitted to a single hospital during a study period
Selection: non exposed cohort	Low risk	ESKD patients who did not have vascular access and admitted to the same hospital but started on HD
Selection: ascertainment of exposure	Low risk	Review medical record
Selection: demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at the start of the study	Low risk	Outcomes of interest were unlikely to present before the study
Comparability of cohorts on basis of design or analysis	Low risk	Study was adjusted for potential confounder (presence of heart failure) for composite outcome (short‐term dialysis‐related complications)
Outcome: assessment	Low risk	Record linkage
Outcome: follow‐up length	Low risk	Minimal 30 days, enough to examine early complications
Outcome: adequacy of follow‐up	High risk	High proportion of dropout from HD group (34%)