Study	Reason for exclusion
Babiker 1986	There was no randomisation. The comparator or control arm of this study. The control group was a retrospective group of 22 children that were previously followed for 2 years before the study began and who had not received pneumococcal vaccines or prophylaxis.
Berkovitch 1998	All participants received penicillin and were randomised to a 'compliance aid' or not.
Lewthwaite 1962	Alternate cases attending an outpatient clinic were given a SC injection of chloroquine and an IM injection of penicillin. The control group received a SC injection of sterile water. Randomisation process was inadequate, of the 26 participants recruited only 13 were accounted for, outcomes were unclear and there was no mention of S pneumoniae.

IM: intramuscular
SC: subcutaneous
S pneumoniae: Streptococcus pneumoniae