FIG 6.
Treatment with LPS, GC, or type I IFNs induces a low-level persistent/latent infection in MDMs. MDMs were infected with replication-competent HIV-1Ba-L. At day 3 postinfection, MDMs from donors 1 to 5 were treated with a single dose of PAM3CSK4 (100 ng/ml), LPS (100 ng/ml), GC (MOI = 10), IFN-α (1,000 U/ml), or IFN-β (1,000 U/ml). MDMs from donors 6 and 7 were treated with PAM3CSK4, LPS, GC, or IFN-β. MDMs from donor 8 were treated with LPS, GC, or IFN-β. Cell-free supernatants were harvested every 3 days, and virus production was monitored by p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data from eight independent donors, tested in triplicate (donors 1 to 5) or duplicate (donors 6 to 8), are shown. (B) Cell viability was monitored by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in cell-free supernatants every 3 days during culture for donors 3 to 8 using a commercial LDH assay. (C) Cell viability was determined at the end of culture for donors 1 to 8 by measuring total LDH in cell lysates using a commercial LDH assay. Data from eight independent donors, tested in triplicate (donors 1 to 5) or duplicate (donors 6 to 8), are shown. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant.