Table 4. Sub-group analyses of IMI techniques applying pressure to the IMI site.
| Meta-analysis | Number of studies | Pooled SMD(95%CI) | P value | Heterogeneity I2 (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All pressure based studies | 10 | -1.44 (-1.99,-0.89) | >0.001 | 95% (92, 97) |
| Pressure techniques | ||||
| Manual pressure | 4 | -0.85 (-1.36,-0.33) | 0.001 | 86% (65, 94) |
| Helfer skin Tap | 3 | -2.95 (-5.51,-0.39) | 0.024 | 98% (95, 99) |
| ShotBlocker | 2 | -0.51 (-1.58,0.56) | 0.347 | 96% (no estimate) |
| Post injection massage | 1 | -1.86 (-2.48,-1.24) | >0.001 | NA |
| Study design | ||||
| RCTs | 3 | -1.67 (-3.19,-0.14) | 0.032 | 98% (96, 99) |
| Quasi experimental | 7 | -1.36 (-1.94,-0.78) | >0.001 | 93% (87, 96) |
NA—not assessed.