Table 1. Summary characteristics of included studies.
| Overall (n = 206) |
Africa (n = 155) |
Americas (n = 11) |
Asia (n = 40) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Key Population (%) | |||||
| MSM | 56 (27.2) | 11 (7.1) | 10 (90.9) | 35 (87.5) | <0.001 |
| FSW | 25 (12.1) | 21 (13.5) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.0) | 0.371 |
| HCW | 23 (11.2) | 20 (12.9) | 1 (9.1) | 2 (5.0) | 0.358 |
| Pregnant women | 19 (9.2) | 18 (11.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0.115 |
| Transgender women | 9 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (18.2) | 7 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| Teenagers | 46 (22.3) | 38 (24.5) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (20.0) | 0.156 |
| Type of Specimen (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Blood | 21 (10.2) | 9 (5.8) | 1 (9.1) | 11 (27.5) | |
| Oral | 99 (48.1) | 88 (56.8) | 5 (45.5) | 6 (15.0) | |
| Both | 27 (13.1) | 15 (9.7) | 2 (18.2) | 10 (25.0) | |
| Not Specified | 59 (28.6) | 43 (27.7) | 3 (27.3) | 13 (32.5) | |
| Type of Supervision (%) | 0.012 | ||||
| Unsupervised | 84 (40.8) | 68 (43.9) | 4 (36.4) | 12 (30.0) | |
| Supervised | 14 (6.8) | 6 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (20.0) | |
| Not Specified | 83 (40.3) | 60 (38.7) | 6 (54.5) | 17 (42.5) | |
| Both supervision types | 25 (12.1) | 21 (13.5) | 1 (9.1) | 3 (7.5) | |
| Type of Methods (%) | 0.155 | ||||
| Mixed methods | 23 (11.2) | 21 (13.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | |
| Qualitative only | 54 (26.2) | 44 (28.4) | 2 (18.2) | 8 (20.0) | |
| Quantitative only | 129 (62.6) | 90 (58.1) | 9 (81.8) | 30 (75.0) | |
| Study Design (%) | 0.546 | ||||
| Modelling | 3 (1.5) | 3 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Observational | 149 (72.3) | 114 (73.5) | 9 (81.8) | 26 (65.0) | |
| Interventional | 54 (26.2) | 38 (24.5) | 2 (18.2) | 14 (35.0) | |
| a) Quasi-experimental | 32 (20.3) | 18 (16.2) | 2 (18.2) | 12 (33.3) | |
| b) Randomized trial | 22 (13.9) | 20 (18.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.6) | |
| Implementation Outcome (%) | |||||
| Acceptability | 122 (59.2) | 93 (60.0) | 10 (90.9) | 19 (47.5) | 0.032 |
| Adoption | 103 (50.0) | 73 (47.1) | 4 (36.4) | 26 (65.0) | 0.085 |
| Appropriateness | 56 (27.2) | 46 (29.7) | 1 (9.1) | 9 (22.5) | 0.253 |
| Cost | 16 (7.8) | 15 (9.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0.195 |
| Feasibility | 24 (11.7) | 20 (12.9) | 1 (9.1) | 3 (7.5) | 0.614 |
| Fidelity | 23 (11.2) | 17 (11.0) | 1 (9.1) | 5 (12.5) | 0.939 |
| Penetration | 2 (1.0) | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.717 |
| Sustainment | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.848 |
| Linkage to Care | 59 (28.6) | 38 (24.5) | 4 (36.4) | 17 (42.5) | 0.068 |
| Safety | 40 (19.4) | 32 (20.6) | 1 (9.1) | 7 (17.5) | 0.609 |
Notes: MSM–men who have sex with men, FSW–female sex worker, HCW–healthcare worker.