FIG 6.

HIV-1 latency reactivation by Galectin-9 (Gal-9) and other latency reversal agents (LRA) in a cellular model based on IL-7. The bars show HIV-1 reactivation, expressed as p24 antigen production (n = 4) in a cellular model based on IL-7. No synergism between Gal-9 and other LRA was observed. (A) Reactivation mediated by Gal-9 alone or Gal-9 with an antibody against TIM-3 (αTIM-3) compared with the cellular model alone (control [Ct]) showed a significant increase in p24 antigen values. p24 antigen values for Gal-9 with or without anti-TIM-3 were significantly different from those for MVC, JQ1, and Ds and not significantly different from those for Vor, Bryo, and Rmd. (B) Several combinations of at least two LRA with Gal-9 did not reach the p24 antigen values obtained with Gal-9 alone. A significant difference was observed for the combinations Gal-9+MVC+Vor+Bryo; Gal-9+JQ1+Vor+Bryo; Gal-9+MVC+Vor+Bryo, and Gal-9+MVC+JQ1+Bryo. Statistical significance was calculated using Mann-Whitney U test. P values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. *, P < 0.05; NS, not significant. MVC, maraviroc; Vor, vorinostat; DS, disulfiram; Rmd, romidepsin; Bryo, bryostatin-1.