Table 1.
Study 1 Logistic Regression Results of Pandemic-Related Parenting Stress and Loneliness With Perceived Changes in Parenting.
| Combined Conflict | Spank/Hit More | Combined Verbal Aggression | Combined Neglect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Concerns | 1.97 (.23)*** | 1.60 (.36)† | 2.00 (.25)*** | 2.17 (.27)*** |
| Age | 1.02 (.02) | 0.93 (.04)† | 1.02 (.02) | 0.98 (.02) |
| Sex | 1.35 (.35) | 0.68 (.38) | 1.65 (.50) | 0.93 (.27) |
| Some college | 1.28 (.45) | 1.02 (.87) | 2.31 (1.01) | 0.80 (.30) |
| College plus | 1.15 (.45) | 0.95 (.14) | 2.50 (1.20) | 1.67 (.69) |
| Income | 1.10 (.07) | 0.95 (.14) | 1.01 (.07) | 0.93 (.07) |
| Know someone with Covid-19 | 1.20 (.30) | 2.61 (1.34) | 1.36 (.37) | 0.83 (.23) |
| Isolating due to Covid-19 | 1.39 (.53) | 0.86 (.70) | 1.27 (.54) | 1.67 (.67) |
| Loneliness | 2.69 (.42)*** | 1.93 (.49)† | 2.15 (.32)*** | 2.76 (.43)*** |
| Age | 1.04 (.02)* | 0.94 (.04) | 1.03 (.02)† | 1.00 (.02) |
| Sex | 1.34 (.36) | 0.65 (.37) | 1.59 (.48) | 0.79 (.30) |
| Some college | 1.22 (.44) | 1.12 (.96) | 2.37 (1.04) | 0.79 (.30) |
| College plus | 1.00 (.41) | 1.86 (1.69) | 2.40 (1.16) | 1.53 (.65) |
| Income | 1.04 (.07) | 0.92 (.14) | 0.93 (.07) | 0.86 (.06)* |
| Know Someone with Covid-19 | 1.29 (.32) | 2.72 (1.40) | 1.46 (.39) | 0.87 (.24) |
| Isolating due to Covid-19 | 1.18 (.47) | 0.90 (.72) | 1.14 (.48) | 1.56 (.62) |
| Worries | 2.78 (.40)*** | 2.48 (.67)* | 2.67 (.40)*** | 3.21 (.51)*** |
| Age | 1.04 (.02)* | 0.95 (.04) | 1.03 (.02)† | 0.99 (.02) |
| Sex | 1.37 (.37) | 0.61 (.35) | 1.62 (.49) | 0.92 (.28) |
| Some college | 1.13 (.42) | 0.86 (.74) | 2.27 (1.03) | 0.72 (.29) |
| College plus | 1.06 (.44) | 1.73 (1.58) | 2.65 (1.31) | 1.81 (.81) |
| Income | 1.06 (.07) | 0.93 (.14) | 0.95 (.07) | 0.87 (.07)* |
| Know Someone with Covid-19 | 1.32 (.33) | 3.20 (1.74) | 1.52 (.42) | 0.91 (.26) |
| Isolating due to Covid-19 | 1.00 (.41) | 0.69 (.56) | 0.92 (.41) | 1.20 (.51) |
Note. Logistic regression for pandemic-related stressors interfering with parenting (financial concerns, worries, and loneliness) with age, sex, educational level, household income, knowing someone with Covid-19, and personal isolation/quarantine due to Covid-19. Combined conflict = Covid-19 perceived increased discipline + conflict; Combined Verbal aggression = Covid-19 perceived increased yelling/screaming + using harsh words; Combined Neglect = Covid-19 perceived increased supervisory + emotional neglect. Odds-ratio coefficients are shown with standard errors in parentheses. Income categories: 1 = $10–20k, 2 = $20–30k, 3 = $30–40k, 4 = $40–50k, 5 = $50–70k, 6 = $70–90k, 7 = $90k or more. Comparison category for education was “high school degree or less”; sex was coded 0 = male, 1 = female.
p < .10
p < .05
p < .01
p < .001.