Table 2.

Medicinal plants used to treat diabetes in the Taza region (Morocco).

Family name	Plant species	Voucher codes	Vernacular name	Parts used	Preparation	Administration	UV	FL	RFC	Recorded literature for antidiabetic uses in Morocco	Recorded literature for antidiabetic uses out Morocco
Amaranthaceae	Chenopodium ambrosioides L.	RAB13518	Mkhinza	Leaves	Infusion	Oral	0.20	28.57	0.07	[11, 39–42]	Nd
Anacardiaceae	Pistacia atlantica Desf.	RAB 1372	Drou	Fruits	Decoction	Oral	0.11	30.00	0.05	[8, 43]	Nd
Apiaceae	Carum carvi L.	RAB7119	Lkarwya	Seeds	Decoction Maceration Infusion Powder	Oral	0.16	41.67	0.06	[8, 11, 42, 44–46]	Nd
Apiaceae	Foeniculum vulgare Mill.	RAB9217	Nafaa	Seeds	Decoction	Oral	0.30	47.83	0.12	[8, 11, 40, 44–46]	Nd
Apiaceae	Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam	RAB12423	Bachnikha	Fruits	Decoction	Oral	0.35	35.29	0.09	[11, 13, 41, 45, 47–50]	Nd
Apocynaceae	Nerium oleander L.	RAB18820	Defla	Leaves	Fumigation	Inhalation	0.18	14.29	0.07	[11, 43–47, 51, 52]	nd
Asteraceae	Artemisia herba-alba Asso.	RAB43124	Chih	Stems Leaves Roots	Decoction Infusion	Oral	0.90	69.35	0.32	[8, 11, 13, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47–49, 52, 53]	nd
Asteraceae	Matricaria chamomilla L.	RAB12321	Babounj	Flowers	Decoction Infusion	Oral	0.38	29.03	0.16	[8, 11, 13, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47–49, 52, 53]	[54]
Asteraceae	Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter	RAB14422	Magramane	Leaves Roots	Decoction	Oral	1.45	32.20	0.61	[50]	nd
Asteraceae	Taraxacum officinale L.	RAB14324	Garnina	Leaves Roots	Decoction Powder	Oral	0.14	57.14	0.11	[55]	[56, 57]
Asteraceae	Calendula arvensis L.	RAB14312	Zwiwl	Stems Flowers	Decoction	Oral	0.07	9.09	0.06	[58]
Brassicaceae	Lepidium sativum L.	RAB14317	Habbrchad	Seeds	Infusion	Oral	0.62	38.33	0.31	[11, 44, 59]	[60]
Cactaceae	Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.	RAB12411	Lhndia	Stems Flowers	Decoction Powder	Oral	0.41	20.51	0.20	[8, 11, 44]	nd
Capparaceae	Capparis spinosa L.,	RAB97161	Lekbar	Fruits	Decoction	Oral	0.32	43.48	0.12	[11, 45, 49, 53]	[61]
Cupressaceae	Tetraclinis articulata Benth.	RAB18717	Al'Araâr	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	0.19	38.10	0.11	[7, 11, 41, 45, 49, 50, 55]	nd
Ericaceae	Arbutus unedo L.,	RAB 101549	Sasnou	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	0.43	59,52	0.22	[7, 11, 41, 45, 49, 50, 55, 62, 63]	nd
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia resinifera Berg.	RAB14822	Ssekoum	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	0.35	57.58	0.17	[11, 18, 50]	nd
Fabaceae	Ceratonia siliqua L.,	RAB38628	Lkharoub	Leaves Seeds	Decoction Powder	Oral	0.26	52.63	0.10	[11, 19, 47, 50]	nd
Fabaceae	Glycine max (L.) Merr.	RAB07616	Soja	Seeds	Decoction Powder	Oral	0.70	45.65	0.24	[8, 11]	nd
Fabaceae	Trigonella foenum-graecum L.	RAB24117	Lhelba	Seeds	Decoction Powder	Oral	1.01	72.73	0.40	[7, 11, 13, 19, 40–42, 44, 46, 49, 53, 59]	[2, 20–23]
Fabaceae	Lupinus albus L.	RAB21118	Termes	Seeds	Powder	Oral	0.28	41.67	0.06	[11, 18, 45, 47, 55]	nd
Fabaceae	Cytisus battandieri Maire	RAB23246	Akhamelel	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	0.04	33.33	0.02	Nd	nd
Gentianaceae	Centaurium erythraea Rafn	RAB22415	Kassatlahya	Flowers	Decoction	Oral	0.44	21.21	0.17	[13, 45, 48–50, 55]	nd
Lamiaceae	Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.	RAB04	Chndkoura	Stems Leaves	Powder	Oral	1.16	65.78	0.94	[8, 11, 13, 41, 43, 46]	[60]
Lamiaceae	Marrubium vulgare L.	RAB47249	Mriwt	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	1.35	81.28	0.97	[8, 11, 19, 43, 44, 59]	[24, 60]
Lamiaceae	Salvia officinalis L.	RAB61862	Salmia	Leaves	Decoction Infusion	Oral	1.63	95.34	1.00	[8, 11, 18, 19, 42, 43, 49, 53, 64]	[25–27]
Lamiaceae	Calamintha officinalis Moench	RAB6922	Manta	Leaves Stems Flowers	Decoction Infusion	Oral	0.37	40.00	0.05	[11, 49, 64]	nd
Lamiaceae	Thymus broussonetii Boiss.	RAB40441	Zaitra	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	0.63	33.33	0.08	[8, 19]	nd
Lamiaceae	Rosmarinus officinalis L.	RAB8088	Azir	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	0.21	25.00	0.06	[11, 19, 44, 45, 49–51, 55]	nd
Liliaceae	Urginea maritima (L.) Baker	RAB23142	Bssallansal	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	0.01	16.67		Nd	nd
Moraceae	Ficus carica L.	RAB8217	Lkarmous/Chriha	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	0.34	16.67	0.03	[7, 8, 11, 18, 41, 44, 58]	[23]
Myristicaceae	Myristica fragrans Houtt.	RAB1161	Lgouza	Seeds	Powder	Oral	0.33	30.00	0.05	[8, 11]	[60]
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus globulus Labill (sp.)	RAB9318	Al'Kalitouss	Leaves fruits	Decoction	Oral	0.45	33.33	0.06	[7, 11, 18, 43, 45, 49, 51, 59]	[6, 28]
Myrtaceae	Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.	RAB41219	Qronfel	Leaves Flowers	Decoction Powder Maceration	Oral	0,28	20,00	0,01	[7, 11, 45, 49, 59, 64]	nd
Myrtaceae	Myrtus communis L.	RAB49621	Arraihan	Leaves Fruits	Decoction Infusion	Oral	0.18	12.50	0.04	[7, 11, 41, 43–45, 49, 51, 59]	[25]
Oleaceae	Olea europea L.	RAB51119	Zaytoun	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	1.53	77.60	0.65	[8, 11, 19, 41, 43–47, 49]	[29, 60]
Papaveraceae	Papaver rhoeas L.	RAB51218	Belaaman	Seeds	Powder	Oral	0.66	23.53	0.09	[8, 11]	[25]
Plantaginaceae	Plantago ovata Forssk.	RAB003	Katouna	Seeds	Infusion	Oral	0.06	20.83	0.12	Nd	[30]
Ranunculaceae	Nigella sativa L.	RAB35821	Sanûj	Seeds	Powder	Oral	1.08	37.10	0.32	[11, 19, 43, 44, 49, 59, 64]	[2, 23, 60]
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus lotus (L.)	RAB62218	Nbeg	Leaves	Decoction Powder	Oral	0.50	25.00	0.02	[7, 8, 11, 41, 44, 46, 47]	[60]
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus jujuba Mill		Zafzouf	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	0.61	22.22	0.28	Nd	[31]
Rosaceae	Prunus amygdalus Batsch	RAB55417	Louzmarr	Seeds	Raw	Oral	0.88	23.08	0.03	[7, 13, 41, 45, 47, 49, 53, 59]	[23]
Rutaceae	Citrus aurantium L.	RAB62131	Larnaj	Fruits	Raw	Oral	0.90	33,33	0,01	[44, 53]	[32]
Salicaceae	Salix alba L		Aouad lma	Leaves	Decoction	Oral	0.09	28.57	0.04	[51, 52]	nd
Urticaceae	Urtica dioica L.	AB56517	Lhriga	Stems Leaves	Decoction	Oral	0.25	12.50	0.04	[7, 8, 11, 41, 49, 59]	[25]
Zygophyllaceae	Peganum harmala L.	RAB41116	Lharmel	Seeds	Maceration	Oral	0.01	16.67	0.03	[7, 41, 45, 49, 59]	[25, 60]