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. 2021 Feb 1;51(3):237–249. doi: 10.1007/s10519-020-10035-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — ACE twin model with PRSs, including A–C covariances σ_ApC and σ_AqC (dashed double headed arrows). This is the model in DZ twins (i.e., r_z = 0.5). The covariance between A_p and A_q is fixed to zero, but, as demonstrated in the text, this has no bearing on the derived estimate of the total A, C covarianc (σ_A,C)