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. 2021 Feb 27;51(3):319–330. doi: 10.1007/s10519-021-10047-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Multilevel parametrization of the ACE model, where Y represents the phenotype, latent variables A_U represent the unique additive genetic influences and E unique environment. μ is the intercept, sex and age are covariates, presented in a schematic way. On the family level, C is common environment and A_C common genetic influences. The path coefficients, a, c, e, β₁ and β₂ represent regression coefficients. The r parameter represents variance (1 for MZ twins and 0.5 for DZ twins)