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. 2021 May 3;11:9447. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88839-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Conceptual diagram of hypothesized soil microbial community (SMC) structural changes [represented at tree bole via colored circles (for example, unique colored circles signify dissimilarity of the SMC)] in response to tree species (beech vs. yellow poplar) forest type (rural, suburban, and urban) and location (interior vs. edge). Additionally, diagram provides on overview of our sampling methods as all forest edge locations were directly adjacent to a roadway and interior locations were ~ 100 m from defined roadway edge. H₁: Intensified urban pressures at both forest edge and interior will drive complete SMC structure similarity despite of tree species influence. H₂: SMC structure will begin to converge at forest edge regardless of tree species due to the overriding effect of environmental inputs; however, suburban interior forest SMC will remain dissimilar due to tree overriding environmental effects. H₃: Dissimilar SMCs will occur as a result of tree influence due to moderate fluctuations of environmental conditions within both edge and interior rural forests.