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. 2021 May 3;11:9447. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88839-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plotting PC1 and PC2 for soil samples collected from forest interior (a) and forest edge (b) comparing beech and yellow poplar (difference by shape) across rural–urban gradient (distinguished by color). Each point represents three sampled trees (± standard error).