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. 2021 May 3;11:9447. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88839-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Significant soil chemical properties as defined by PC1 and PC2 in urban (orange) suburban (green) and rural (blue) forests for both interior and edge soils. Bars represent the mean (± 1 SE) of beech and yellow poplar soils combined (n = 6). Significant differences are denoted when letters above the bar (p < 0.05).