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. 2021 May 3;4:512. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02031-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Beta-diversity results partitioned into turnover (red) and nestedness (blue) components. Showing differences between methods (eDNA vs Taxonomic), season (Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter), with each site provided along the x-axis indicating its landuse type (AC = acid grassland, AG = agriculture, MO = moorland, FO = forest, UR = urban). Error bars are drawn to 1.5 * inter-quartile range (IQR). Turnover was significantly greater than nestedness across landuse and seasons (p < 0.001), following a gls model that accounted for spatial autocorrelation in its variance structure via a pairwise distance matrix. Sample sizes were 56 for eDNA (average of each sites’ 3 replicate samping) and 56 for traditional sampling.