(a) Scheme illustrating the main reactions during synchrotron-based hydroxyl radical footprinting (HRF). Activated water (H2O*), hydrated electrons (eaq−) and •OH radical are generated via radiolysis of bulk water. Then, •OH radical can be quenched by buffer, self-associate to form peroxide, or label protein surface residues. (b) Scheme illustrating an FPOP platform. Figures used with permission from Liu et al., 2020, DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00815.