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. 2021 Apr 20;12:673404. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.673404

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Copyright © 2021 Theret, Rossi and Contreras.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Impaired FAP numbers, behavior, and fate in aged muscles. (A) Sarcopenic and cachexic muscles have altered muscular integrity and structure, impaired neuromuscular communication, reduced regenerative capacities, enhanced fibrosis, and altered FAP number, fate, and behavior. These structural, cellular, and molecular age-related changes are associated with increased muscle frailty and muscle mass loss. (B) FAP-derived molecules regulate neuromuscular integrity, muscle mass, and MuSC expansion and fate. These include Follistatin, WISP1, and BMP3B. Aging impairs FAP proliferation and expansion, whereas it promotes fibrogenesis over adipogenesis.