Table 3.
Risk of respiratory diseases in children with socioeconomic disadvantage exposed to environmental risk factors.
| indoor biomass fuel use | smoking | PM10 | PM25 | coal dust | indoor PM4 | O3 | SO2 | NO2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lower respiratory tract infection | OR = 1.38 (1.06–1.81) Bautista et al. (2009) OR = 3.08 (1.28–7.45) p < 0.013 Cardoso et al. (2013) | RR = 2.63 (1.30–2.09) Silfeler et al. (2012) | %exR = 5.61 (4.98–6.24) Amarillo and Carreras (2012) | OR = 1.17 (1.02–1.34) Bautista et al. (2009) | |||||
| Influenza | OR = 1.77 (1.18–2.67) p < 0.006 Doshi et al. (2015) | %exR (dry season) = 3.43 (-11.88 to 21.41)/%exR (wet season) = -0.94 (-14.54 to 14.82) Le et al. (2012) | %exR (dry season) = 3.43 (-11.88–21.41)/%exR (wet season) = -0.94 (-14.54–14.82) Le et al. (2012) | %exR (dry season) = 3.43 (-11.88–21.41)/%exR (wet season) = -0.94 (-14.54–14.82) Le et al. (2012) | NO2 exR (dry season) = 17.17 (-39.64–127.45)/NO2 exR (wet season) = -21.78 (-52.69–29.34) Le et al. (2012) | ||||
| Asthma | OR = 0.26 (0.02–4.15) Mustapha et al. (2011) | RR = 1.0103 (0.97–1.04) <6 years/RR = 1.034 (0.99–1.07) 6–18 years Goodman et al. (2017) | OR = 1.25 (0.88–1.76) Brabin et al. (1994) | RR = 0.99 (0.97–1.01) <6 years/RR = 1.02 (0.99–1.04) 6–18 years Goodman et al. (2017) | |||||
| Pneumonia | % risk severity = 48% (vs 31% controls). p < 0.0001 Nascimento-Carvalho et al. (2002) | ||||||||
| Upper respiratory tract infection | %exR = 4.59 (4.13–5.05) Amarillo and Carreras (2012) | ||||||||
| Wheezing | OR = 1.25 (0.88–1.76) Brabin et al. (1994) | ||||||||
| Rhinitis | OR = 0.26 (0.02–4.15) Mustapha et al. (2011) | ||||||||
| Resp. mortality | OR = 1.61 (0.97–2.66) Romieu et al. (2004) |
Notes. OR: Odds ratio; RR: Relative risk; %exR: Proportional excess of risk; PM: particulate matter; O3: ozone; NO2: Nitrogen dioxide; SO20: Sulphur dioxide.