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Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
| Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
|---|---|
| Age 1 month to 18 yrs | Previous surgery in past 3 months |
| Hospital stay >48 h | Gastrointestinal pathology or intestinal surgery, excluding gastrostomy tube |
| Elective surgery | Liver disease |
| Cardiac surgery | Dialysis-dependent kidney disease |
| Expected surgical duration >90 min | Antibiotics within 3 months |
| Previous chemotherapy | |
| Continuous enteral feeds prior to surgery |
