TABLE 2.
Energy expenditure and physical activity
| All (GOLD 0–4) | GOLD 0 | GOLD 1 | GOLD 2 | GOLD 3, 4 | COPD (GOLD 1–4) | Multiple comparison | |
| Subjects | 36 | 8 | 6 | 14 | 8 | 28 | |
| Age years | 70.3±5.8 | 70.3±7.1 | 68.8±8.9 | 71.4±4.4 | 69.6±4.5 | 70.3±5.5 | ns |
| BMI kg·m−2 | 21.9±3.2 | 21.2±3.7 | 21.8±1.3 | 23.5±3.0 | 19.7±3.2# | 22.1±3.2 | p<0.05# |
| BMRI kcal·day−1 | 1262±180 | 1229±234 | 1297±173 | 1316±158 | 1172±148 | 1271±165 | ns |
| BMRG kcal·day−1 | 1272±145 | 1254±201 | 1278±124 | 1309±133 | 1223±125 | 1278±129 | ns |
| BMRI/BMRG | 0.99±0.07 | 0.98±0.08 | 1.01±0.06 | 1.01±0.07 | 0.96±0.07 | 0.99±0.07 | ns |
| TEEDLW kcal·day−1 | 2273±445 | 2240±629 | 2496±435 | 2378±322 | 1956±296 | 2283±393 | ns |
| TEEACC kcal·day−1 | 2058±315 | 1982±353 | 2168±292 | 2146±308 | 1897±269 | 2080±307 | ns |
| TEEDLW−TEEACC kcal·day−1 | 215±241 | 258±324 | 327±299 | 232±188 | 59±120 | 203±218 | ns |
| PALDLW | 1.80±0.20 | 1.80±0.22 | 1.92±0.16 | 1.81±0.19 | 1.67±0.21 | 1.80±0.20 | ns |
| PALACC | 1.61±0.14 | 1.58±0.12 | 1.70±0.13 | 1.64±0.13 | 1.55±0.14 | 1.63±0.14 | ns |
| PALDLW−PALACC | 0.18±0.16 | 0.22±0.16 | 0.22±0.16 | 0.18±0.18 | 0.12±0.09 | 0.17±0.16 | ns |
| AEEACC kcal·day−1 | 580±178 | 529±156 | 674±180 | 623±181 | 484±162 | 594±184 | ns |
| Steps per day | 5978±3209 | 5808±3171 | 7778±3590 | 5874±2116 | 5079±4482 | 6055±3273 | ns |
| Sedentary min | 506±137 | 456±112 | 456±112 | 472±155 | 580±125 | 499±144 | ns |
| Light walking min | 38.8±27.6 | 30.0±18.5 | 40.3±22.5 | 35.7±20.8 | 51.9±44.6 | 41.3±29.5 | ns |
| Moderate walking min | 28.4±23.5 | 30.6±21.4 | 44.5±29.1 | 30.3±22.0 | 10.6±14.1* | 27.7±24.3 | p<0.05* |
| Vigorous walking min | 0.08±0.28 | 0.13±0.35 | 0.17±0.41 | 0.07±0.27 | 0 | 0.07±0.26 | ns |
| Light daily activity min | 261±83 | 243±84 | 301±83 | 267±80 | 237±87 | 266±83 | ns |
| Moderate daily activity min | 19.9±17.9 | 16.9±14.6 | 25.5±14.2 | 25.6±22.4 | 8.8±7.9 | 20.8±18.8 | ns |
Data are presented as n or mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; BMI: body mass index; BMR: basal metabolic rate; BMRI: BMR measured by indirect calorimetry; BMRG: BMR predicted using the Ganpule equation; TEE: total energy expenditure; DLW: doubly labelled water; ACC: accelerometer; PAL: physical activity level; AEE: activity energy expenditure; ns: nonsignificant. *: p<0.05 versus GOLD 1; #: p<0.05 versus GOLD 2.