Table 3.

Major signaling pathways triggered by ouabain.

Cellular response	Type of cells/ouabain concentration, nM	References
[Ca2+]i oscillations & elevation	r-PTC, 10–100	100
	h-EC, 1–10	76
	r-PTC, >5 × 104	100,145
	r-CM, 105	87,146
ERK phosphorylation & activation	r-PTC - 0.1–10**	79
	h-PSMC, 0.1***	147
	c-VSMC, 1***	74
	h-EC, 1–10	76
	h-HeLa, 106	148
	r-CM, 105	149
	p-LLC-PK1, >102	88
	r-A7r5, 104	88
	gp-heart, 103	150
	r-heart, 5 × 104	150
	h-breast cancer cells, 102	151
	h-SkMC, 102	152
	c-VSMC, 1	74
Src activation	p-LLC-PK1, 103	88
	r-A7r5, 106	88
	r-CM, 105	87
	h-breast cancer cells, 102	151
	h-SkMC, 102	152
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation	r-CM, 105	87
	h-HeLa cells, 103	87
	c-REC, 104	153
	c-VSMC, 1	74
Akt phosphorylation	o-kidney PTC, 10*	67

Abbreviations: c – canine, f – fish, gp – guinea pig, h – human, m – mouse, mn – monkey; o – opossum; p – pig, r – rat; CGC – cerebellar granule cells; CM – cardiomyocytes; CytD – cytochalasin D, EC – endothelial cells, EGFR – epidermal growth factor receptor, PKC – protein kinase C; PLC – phospholipase C; PSMC - prostate smooth muscle cells, PTC – proximal tubule cells, SkMC – skeletal muscle cells; VSMC – vascular smooth muscle cells.

Data obtained in rodents appear in italics.

* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P ≤ 0.001.