Table 1.
City-level health indicators used to provide context for the public health challenges itemized in the 2018 Menino Survey of Mayorsa on perceptions of public health priorities and accountability among US mayors
| Outcome | Health indicator used and data sources |
|---|---|
| Lead exposure risk index | Index of poverty-adjusted risk
of housing-based lead exposure with a 5-year estimate
from 2017. Data source: City Health Dashboard 500 Cities data set from NYU Langone Health.28 |
| Limited access to healthy foods | Percentage of population
living more than ½ mile from the nearest supermarket,
supercenter, or large grocery. Data source: City Health Dashboard 500 Cities data set from NYU Langone Health.28 |
| Binge drinking | 1-year modeled estimate of the
percentage of adults aged ≥18 who engaged in binge
drinking in 2016. Data source: City Health Dashboard 500 Cities data set from NYU Langone Health.28 |
| Smoking | 1-year modeled estimate of the
percentage of adults aged ≥18 who smoked in
2016. Data source: City Health Dashboard 500 Cities data set from NYU Langone Health.28 |
| Opioid overdose deaths | Deaths due to opioid overdose
per 100 000 population as an average of
2014-2016. Data source: City Health Dashboard 500 Cities data set from NYU Langone Health.28 |
| Frequent mental distress | 1-year modeled estimate of the
percentage of adults aged >18 who rated their mental
health as “not good” for >14 days during the past 30
days in 2016. Data source: City Health Dashboard 500 Cities data set from NYU Langone Health.28 |
| Air pollution (particulate matter) | Average daily concentration of
fine particulate matter (PM2.5) per cubic
meter in 2015. Data source: City Health Dashboard 500 Cities data set from NYU Langone Health.28 |
| Obesity | 1-year modeled estimate of the
percentage of obesity among adults aged ≥18 in
2016. Data source: City Health Dashboard 500 Cities data set from NYU Langone Health.28 |
| Diabetes | 1-year modeled estimate of the
percentage of adults aged ≥18 with diabetes in
2016. Data source: City Health Dashboard 500 Cities data set from NYU Langone Health.28 |
| Cardiovascular disease deaths | Deaths attributed to
cardiovascular disease (per 100 000 population) in
2015-2017. Data source: City Health Dashboard 500 Cities data set from NYU Langone Health.28 |
| Walkability | 1-year modeled estimated
percentage of no leisure-time physical activity in past
month among adults aged ≥18 in 2016. Data source: City Health Dashboard 500 Cities data set from NYU Langone Health.28 |
| Traffic fatality rate per 100 000 residents | Counts of fatal traffic crashes in 2017 per municipality were obtained from the US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Fatality and Injury Reporting System Tool.30 Using the 2016 US Census Bureau’s population estimates and geographic locator codes (GLCs),31 traffic fatality rates per 100 000 residents were calculated for each city in the database. Missing cities from the GLC list were manually matched by looking at geographic location of fatalities.30 |
| Gun violence | Data were obtained from Multiple-Imputed Supplementary Homicide Reports File, 1976-2016 by Fox.29 Because data for 13 cities were missing, additional data had to be imputed by using gun-related local news reports compiled by the Gun Violence Archive.33 Gun-related homicide rates per 100 000 population were then calculated by using the 2016 US Census Bureau’s population estimates.31 |
Abbreviation: NYU, New York University.
aData source: Einstein et al.27