Table 2.
Effect of coronavirus disease 2019 social-distancing policies on community mobility, United States, February 15–April 25, 2020 (N = 3621 observations)a
| Variable | Location | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presence at home | Groceries and pharmacies | Parks | Retail and recreation | Transit stations | Workplaces | |
| Mean outcome variables 1 day before implementation of statewide stay-at-home orders, %b | 16.2 | −6.2 | 7.3 | −36.9 | −40.9 | −40.5 |
| Weather condition variables | ||||||
| Mean daily temperature | 0.006 (0.013) | 0.011 (0.017) | −0.009 (0.123) | −0.018 (0.028) | 0.013 (0.033) | −0.011 (0.015) |
| Average humidity | 0.048c (0.003) | −0.103c (0.006) | −0.966c (0.066) | −0.121c (0.007) | −0.109c (0.010) | −0.040c (0.005) |
| Average wind speed | 0.069c (0.018) | −0.134c (0.037) | −1.837c (0.296) | −0.142c (0.039) | −0.141c (0.060) | −0.033 (0.031) |
| COVID-19–related policies | ||||||
| Statewide stay-at-home order | 2.452c (0.351) | −6.850c (0.825) | −10.434c (4.870) | −4.652c (1.304) | −7.617c (1.594) | −5.342c (0.593) |
| Limited stay-at-home order | −0.552 (0.618) | −0.077 (1.825) | 0.250 (5.746) | 2.231 (2.283) | −0.255 (2.465) | 0.419 (1.419) |
| Nonessential business closure | 0.753 (0.394) | −0.270 (0.566) | −3.263 (6.726) | −1.264 (0.893) | −1.910 (2.058) | −1.124 (0.818) |
| Ban on large gatherings | −0.072 (0.269) | 0.073 (0.976) | 1.285 (2.692) | −0.030 (0.628) | 0.044 (1.243) | −0.307 (0.648) |
| School closure mandate | −0.283 (0.325) | −1.374c (0.808) | 4.578 (2.893) | −0.803 (0.797) | −0.315 (1.666) | 0.432 (0.920) |
| Limits on restaurants and bars | 1.382c (0.301) | −1.969c (0.740) | −11.874c (3.985) | −3.964c (0.876) | −6.908c (1.417) | −2.672c (0.641) |
| R 2 | 0.973 | 0.917 | 0.612 | 0.969 | 0.952 | 0.978 |
aEach column reports regression coefficients from a linear regression model, weighted by state population in 2018. In addition to the listed variables, models control for state and day-of-the-month fixed effects for each regression. Standard errors (SEs) are clustered at the state level using a 2-tailed t test. All values are coefficient (SE), except where noted.
bNegative means suggest a decline in those outcomes before implementation of that policy relative to the baseline (January 3–February 6, 2020).
cSignificant at P < .05.