Table 2.
Characteristics of a national sample of nonprofit hospitals (N = 446) used to explore how nonprofit hospitals are addressing opioid use disorder in their communities, United States, 2015-2018a
| Characteristics | No. (%)b |
|---|---|
| Hospital-implemented initiative | |
| Offer substance use disorder treatment services | |
| Yes | 118 (26.5) |
| No | 328 (73.5) |
| Support access to services in the primary care setting | |
| Yes | 126 (28.2) |
| No | 320 (71.8) |
| Offer harm reduction programs | |
| Yes | 28 (6.3) |
| No | 418 (93.7) |
| Adopt prescriber initiatives | |
| Yes | 28 (6.3) |
| No | 418 (93.7) |
| Offer targeted risk education programs | |
| Yes | 141 (32.6) |
| No | 305 (68.4) |
| Address the social determinants of health | |
| Yes | 31 (7.0) |
| No | 415 (93.0) |
| Care for opioid overdoses in the emergency department | |
| Yes | 65 (14.6) |
| No | 381 (85.4) |
| Engage in policy advocacy at the local, state, or federal level | |
| Yes | 19 (4.3) |
| No | 427 (95.7) |
| Join a local community coalition aimed at addressing opioid use disorder in community | |
| Yes | 113 (25.3) |
| No | 333 (74.7) |
| Hospital characteristics | |
| Hospital belongs to a health care system | |
| Yes | 322 (72.2) |
| No | 124 (27.8) |
| Hospital is a teaching hospital | |
| Yes | 37 (8.3) |
| No | 409 (91.7) |
| No. of beds at hospital | |
| <50 | 117 (26.2) |
| 50-199 | 159 (35.6) |
| 200-399 | 97 (21.8) |
| ≥400 | 65 (14.6) |
| County characteristics | |
| Rural location | |
| Yes | 162 (36.3) |
| No | 284 (63.7) |
| Mean (SD) percentage <138% federal poverty level | 22.4 (7.1) |
| State policiesc | |
| Medicaid expansion | |
| Yes | 304 (68.2) |
| No | 142 (31.8) |
| Targeted risk education | |
| Yes | 243 (54.5) |
| No | 203 (45.5) |
| Provider education | |
| Yes | 299 (67.1) |
| No | 147 (33.0) |
| MAT funding | |
| Yes | 318 (71.3) |
| No | 128 (28.7) |
| Naloxone access | |
| Yes | 296 (66.4) |
| No | 150 (33.6) |
| PDMP reporting | |
| Yes | 225 (50.5) |
| No | 221 (49.5) |
| Pain regulations | |
| Yes | 118 (26.5) |
| No | 328 (73.5) |
| Prescriber guidelines | |
| Yes | 223 (50.0) |
| No | 223 (50.0) |
Abbreviations: MAT, medication-assisted treatment; PDMP, prescription drug monitoring program; SD, standard deviation.
aSample was drawn from a 20% random sample of all US nonprofit hospitals (n = 2715) in each state using the American Hospital Association’s 2015 Annual Survey database.24
bPercentages may not add to 100% because of rounding.
cList of 7 state policies was developed by Wickramatilake and colleagues26; Medicaid expansion was added by the authors.