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. 2021 Apr 20;12:615491. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.615491

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Copyright © 2021 Chenouard, Remy, Tesson, Ménoret, Ouisse, Cherifi and Anegon.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Timeline showing the major technical advances in genome editing and delivery in mice and rats from the 1980s to today. The green frames encompass the 1st transgenic mice and rats generated by DNA microinjection. The blue frames contain the 1st ES cells-based mouse and rat models, and the orange frames contain the 1st mouse and rat models generated using engineered nucleases delivered by different methods. Figure created with BioRender.com. AAV-TR, AAV transduction; cKO, conditional KO; DNA-MI, DNA microinjection; EL, electroporation; ES, embryonic stem cells; GM, genetically modified; GONAD, genome-editing via oviductal nucleic acids delivery; HR, homologous recombination; KI, knockin; KO, knockout; LV-MI, lentiviral microinjection; TALEN-MI, TALE nucleases microinjection; TG, transgenic; ZFN-MI, ZFN microinjection.