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. 2021 Apr 9;3(2):fcab067. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab067

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© The Author(s) (2021). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Diagnostic group differences in causal information flow. Time-frequency plots of effective connectivity patterns (represented as t-statistics) for healthy controls (HC, left), individuals with chronic tic disorder (CTD, middle), and the between-group differences (right). The precuneus in the HC group displayed greater connectivity with the right occipital and left precentral gyrus (red in difference plots), while the CTD group showed greater information flow with frontal and left occipital cortices (blue in difference plots). The dashed line represents stimulus presentation at t = 0. L, left; Med, medial; MCC, midcingulate cortex; R, right; Sup, superior.