Table 1.
Flanker task performance and EEG spectral power differences between tic disorder group and controls
| Performance | HC (M, SD) | CTD (M, SD) | F(1, 93) | With covariates |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F Gender | F Age | F IQ | F CYBOCS | F SWAN | ||||
| Performance F(1,93) | ||||||||
| Congruent trials | ||||||||
| Accuracy (%) | 78 (18) | 75 (16) | 0.76 | |||||
| Reaction time (ms) | 564 (91) | 507 (78) | 10.70** | 6.75* | 9.11** | 9.54** | 6.37* | 6.34* |
| Reaction time SD (ms) | 141 (42) | 129 (36) | 2.00 | |||||
| Incongruent trials | ||||||||
| Accuracy (%) | 65 (19) | 59 (16) | 2.79 | |||||
| Reaction time (ms) | 606 (135) | 541 (112) | 6.35* | 3.00 | 5.46* | 4.42* | 3.24 | 1.81 |
| Reaction time SD (ms) | 117 (15) | 110 (13) | 0.00 | |||||
| Spectral power (in dB) F(1,72) | ||||||||
| Anterior cingulate, 0–200 ms | ||||||||
| Theta (4–7 Hz) | 0.00 (1.06) | −0.42 (0.71) | 4.21* | 2.76 | 5.04* | 5.09* | 4.13* | 3.79 |
| Alpha (8–12 Hz) | 0.30 (0.82) | −0.26 (0.67) | 10.11** | 7.65** | 9.52** | 8.21** | 4.52* | 4.68* |
| Low beta (13–20 Hz) | 0.05 (0.47) | −0.11 (0.53) | 1.64 | |||||
| High beta (21–30 Hz) | 0.13 (0.35) | 0.14 (0.54) | 0.01 | |||||
| Anterior cingulate, 250–600 ms | ||||||||
| Theta | 0.48 (0.80) | 0.03 (0.83) | 5.19* | 5.01* | 5.87* | 4.62* | 3.35 | 5.53* |
| Alpha | 0.36 (0.76) | −0.11 (0.76) | 6.45* | 5.42* | 6.40* | 6.76* | 2.68 | 7.42** |
| Low beta | 0.06 (0.67) | −0.34 (0.52) | 8.15** | 7.41** | 5.95* | 9.23** | 5.42* | 9.18** |
| High beta | 0.12 (0.80) | −0.23 (0.55) | 4.93* | 5.24* | 6.10* | 5.63* | 3.93* | 5.14* |
Note. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
CTD, chronic tic disorder; CYBOCS, Child Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale; dB, decibels; HC, healthy control; Hz, hertz; IQ, intelligence estimate; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; SWAN, Strengths and Weaknesses in ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale.