Table 1.
CNS-borne factors of immunoregulation
| Mediators | Location | Immunoregulation | Disease | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adhesion molecules | E-cadherin | ChP epithelium | Leukocytes# | ChP papillomas and carcinomas | 13 |
| ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MAdCAM-1 | ChP epithelium | Leukocytes# | MS | 14 | |
| P-selectin | ChP endothelium | CD4+ T# | MS | 15 | |
| Chemokines | CCL20 | ChP epithelium | Th17 cells# | MS, pneumococcal meningitis | 18, 19 |
| CCL19, CCL21 | ChP epithelium | CCR7+ central memory T cells# | Neuroinflammation |
20, 21 |
|
| CX3CL1 | ChP endothelium | M2 Mf# | Spinal cord injury | 23-25 | |
| Monocytes | Stroke | ||||
| Cytokines/ neuropeptides |
IFNγ | ChP epithelium | Leukocytes# | Host defense | 26, 27 |
| MS | |||||
| IL-4 | ChP | *Th2 cells | Aging | 28 | |
| TGFβ | CSF, ChP | ↓CD8+, Th17 cells; ↑Tregs | AD, TBI | 29-32 | |
| PGD2 | CSF | Neuronal protection | PD | 35, 36 | |
| A2-Astrocytes | |||||
#Trafficking, *Skewing, ↑: Increase, ↓: Decrease, Mf: Macrophage, Th2: T-helper cells type 2, Tregs: T regulatory cells, CCL19-21: CX3CL1 chemokines, ChP: Choroid plexus, CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid, ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1, VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, MAdCAM-1: mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1, IFNγ: interferon gamma, IL-4: interleukin 4, TGFβ: transforming growth factor beta, PGD2: prostaglandin D2, A2-Astrocytes: Anti-inflammatory astrocytes, AD: Alzheimer’s disease, MS: Multiple sclerosis, PD: Parkinson’s disease, TBI: traumatic brain injury.