| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Sloane 1976 | Randomised trial comparing psychoanalytically‐oriented psychotherapy, behaviour therapy and waiting‐list controls in outpatients. Excluded because diagnosis of AsPD not attempted |
| Liberman 1981 | Randomised trial comparing BT with insight‐oriented therapy for repeated suicide attempters. Excluded because no participants had a diagnosis of AsPD and there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Hesselbrock 1991 | Outcome study of inpatients with alcohol dependency. Excluded because participants were not randomised |
| Longabaugh 1994 | Randomised trial comparing CBT and relationship‐enhancement therapy for alcohol abusers. Investigators reported that 48 of 229 participants recruited had AsPD. Excluded because there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Winston 1994 | Randomised trial comparing brief adaptive psychotherapy with short‐term dynamic psychotherapy and with waiting‐list controls in outpatients. Excluded because there was no AsPD subgroup (trial excluded participants with history of violent behaviour or destructive impulse control problems) |
| Springer 1996 | Randomised trial comparing DBT‐derived CBT group therapy with discussion control group for inpatients with PD, assessed using MCMI‐II. Excluded because no indication that any participant had a diagnosis of AsPD |
| Wölwer 2001 | Randomised trial comparing CBT and coping skills training against treatment as usual in outpatients with alcohol dependency. Excluded because only 10 participants had a diagnosis of AsPD. Review authors judged the numbers of participants randomised to each of the 3 conditions to be too small for extraction of means and SDs for each condition. |
| Messina 2002 | Study comparing 2 therapeutic community treatments. PD assessed using MCMI‐II. Excluded because the participants were not randomised and there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Kool 2003 | Randomised trial comparing psychodynamic supportive therapy plus pharmacotherapy with pharmacotherapy for depressive disorder in depressed patients with and without AsPD. Excluded because only 4 participants had a diagnosis of AsPD (confirmed by study investigators via email to J Dennis on 29 May 2009, Kool 2003) |
| Chiesa 2003 | Prospective study comparing 2 specialist psychosocial interventions (therapeutic community‐based inpatient treatment and step‐down). Excluded because participants were not randomised |
| Colom 2004 | Randomised trial comparing a group psychoeducation intervention with a non‐structured control intervention in patients with PD and bipolar disorder. Only 2 participants had a diagnosis of AsPD. Excluded because participants had bipolar disorder in addition to AsPD |
| Vannoy 2004 | Randomised trial comparing anger management with a waiting‐list control condition. Excluded because there was no AsPD subgroup |
| Vinnars 2005 | Randomised trial comparing manualised supportive‐expressive psychotherapy with non‐manualised community‐delivered psychotherapy. Excluded because there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Mörtberg 2007 | Randomised trial comparing group cognitive therapy, individual cognitive therapy and TAU in outpatients with social phobia. Investigators used the SCID‐II screener but made no formal diagnostic assessment of PD. Excluded because no indication that any participant had a diagnosis of AsPD |
| Weertman 2007 | Randomised trial comparing present‐focused and past‐focused cognitive therapy in outpatients. Excluded because no participant had a diagnosis of AsPD, and there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Zorn 2007 | Randomised trial comparing schema‐focused emotional behaviour therapy and classical social skills training. Excluded because no participant had a diagnosis of AsPD |
| Lynch 2007 | Randomised trial comparing medication plus a DBT‐based intervention with medication only in older adults with comorbid PD and depression. Excluded because only 1 participant had a diagnosis of AsPD |
| Milrod 2007 | Randomised trial comparing psychodynamic psychotherapy with relaxation for individuals with panic disorder. Excluded because no participant had a diagnosis of AsPD, and there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Kallert 2007 | Randomised trial comparing acute day hospital care with inpatient care. Excluded because no participant had a diagnosis of AsPD (confirmed by study authors via email on 2 June 2009, see Kallert 2007) |
| Kool 2007 | Randomised trial comparing psychodynamic supportive therapy plus pharmacotherapy with pharmacotherapy alone for depressive disorder in depressed patients with and without AsPD (article in Dutch). Excluded because only 3 participants had a diagnosis of AsPD |
| Ball 2007 | Randomised trial comparing dual‐focus schema therapy with 12‐step facilitation therapy in opioid‐dependent outpatients. Excluded because there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Easton 2007 | Study aggregating results from two RCTs (Carroll 1998; Carroll 2004) to compare CBT, interpersonal psychotherapy, 12‐step facilitation therapy, supportive psychotherapy and disulfiram in outpatients with alcohol and cocaine dependence. Both trials had a subgroup with AsPD. Excluded because neither trial had a control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Fournier 2008 | Randomised trial comparing antidepressants with cognitive therapy in patients with and without PD. Excluded because no participant had a diagnosis of AsPD (confirmed by investigators via email on 3 June 2009, see Fournier 2008). Placebo control condition only in the follow‐up of treatment responders |
| Petersen 2008 | Randomised trial comparing a specialised, psychotherapeutic day treatment programme with a waiting‐list control condition for adults with personality disorder. Excluded because a diagnosis of AsPD was an exclusion criterion |
| Bagby 2008 | Analyses the aggregated results of two randomised trials comparing CBT and pharmacotherapy for adults with major depression. Excluded because a diagnosis of AsPD was an exclusion criterion, and because there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Daughters 2008 | Study examining the interactive effects of court‐mandated treatment and AsPD on treatment dropout in a sample of male substance users who were receiving residential substance‐abuse treatment. Excluded because participants were not randomised, and there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Abbass 2008 | Randomised trial comparing intensive short‐term dynamic psychotherapy with TAU in outpatients. Excluded as insufficient number of observations; only one participant had a diagnosis of AsPD |
| Vera 2008 | Study describing a cognitive behavioural group treatment for adults with OCD symptoms plus comorbid personality disorder. Excluded because there was no random allocation and no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Bowen 2009 | Randomised trial comparing mindfulness‐based relapse prevention for substance disorders with TAU. Excluded as participants were not assessed for PD |
| Frisman 2009 | Secondary analysis of data from a randomised trial of assertive community treatment and clinical case management in participants with substance disorders (Essock 2006). Excluded as participants also had axis I disorders such as schizophrenia |
| Tyrer 2009 | Randomised trial of early versus late assessment of dangerous and severe PD in a sample of prisoners. Excluded because there was no psychological treatment in either allocated condition |
| Bateman 2009 | Randomised superiority trial of mentalisation‐based treatment and structured clinical management for patients with AsPD and comorbid borderline PD. Excluded as the trial did not have a control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Kelly 2009 | Randomised trial comparing individual problem‐solving, group depression prevention and TAU with a European sample of adults with depressive disorder (the ODIN [Outcome of Depression International Network] study). Investigators reported that 93 of the 301 participants who were fully assessed met criteria for at least 1 PD. Excluded because no AsPD subgroup was identified and because a proportion of the sample had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder |
| Muran 2009 | Randomised trial comparing CBT, brief relational therapy and short‐term dynamic psychotherapy in fee‐paying outpatients. Excluded because the primary inclusion criterion was a diagnosis of cluster C PD or PD‐NOS, with no indication of any AsPD subgroup. In addition, there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Arnevik 2009 | Randomised trial comparing short‐term, day hospital psychotherapy and outpatient individual psychotherapy for adults with PD. Excluded because a diagnosis of AsPD was an exclusion criterion, and because there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Holmqvist 2009 | Superiority trial comparing aggression replacement training and a relationally‐orientated treatment for young offenders. Excluded as the trial was not randomised and used juvenile participants |
| Hesse 2010 | Randomised trial of psychoeducation as an addition to substance abuse treatment vs attention placebo. Excluded as only participants in the treatment arm were formally assessed for PD |
| Bartak 2010 | Superiority trial comparing 3 treatments (outpatient, day hospital and inpatient) for patients with cluster B personality disorders. Excluded as participants were not randomised to treatment conditions, and there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| McGauley 2011 | Pilot study of mentalisation‐based treatment for men with AsPD delivered in 1 site of a multisite trial. Excluded as the participants were not randomised and there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Høglend 2011 | Randomised superiority trial of dynamic psychotherapy with or without transference interpretation in patients with predominately cluster C personality disorders (1 patient with AsPD was reported in the transference treatment group). Excluded as there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Korrelboom 2011 | Randomised trial comparing memory training therapy and TAU in patient participants with low self‐esteem. Excluded as borderline PD was the predominant diagnosis and patients with AsPD were treated in another clinical department to where the study was conducted |
| Ball 2011 | Randomised study comparing manual‐guided individual dual‐focus schema therapy or individual drug counselling as an addition to standard residential therapeutic community treatment. Excluded as there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Easton 2012 | Randomised superiority trial comparing 4 cognitive‐behavioural interventions for substance‐dependent participants with or without AsPD. Excluded as there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Rees‐Jones 2012 | Trial of a cognitive‐behavioural programme (reasoning and rehabilitation mental health programme) for mentally disordered offenders treated in forensic mental health setting. Excluded as participants were not randomised |
| Young 2013 | Controlled trial of a cognitive skills programme for personality‐disordered offenders (Reasoning and Rehabilitation ADHD program). Excluded as participants were not randomised to the experimental treatment or waiting‐list control groups |
| McMurran 2013 | Randomised trial comparing a specialist treatment for PD with or without a goal‐based motivational interview. Excluded as the specialist nature of the intervention meant that no condition could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Rademacher 2013 | Controlled trial of individual systemic therapy (voluntary participation vs participation mandated by conditions of probation, vs waiting‐list control), to reduce aggressiveness. Excluded as participants were not randomised |
| Johnson 2013 | Double‐blind RCT comparing topiramate + CBT with placebo + CBT in cocaine‐dependent adults. Excluded because no diagnosis of PD was made |
| Lorentzen 2013 | Randomised trial of short‐ and long‐term group analytic psychotherapy for patients with mood, anxiety or PD. Excluded as insufficient number of observations; only 2 patients with AsPD were reported in the study (none in the short‐term group, 2 in the long‐term group) |
| De Jong 2013 | Randomised trial comparing group and individual treatment in participants with personality problems. Excluded as the trial did not have a control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Doyle 2013 | Controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of enhanced thinking skills in offenders with AsPD traits. Excluded as participants were not randomised |
| Dean 2013 | Randomised trial of a cognitive skills programme (Reasoning and Rehabilitation) for mentally disordered offenders. Excluded as participants were described as having a "psychotic disorder" |
| Davidson 2014 | Randomised trial of manual‐assisted cognitive therapy to promote engagement in services and address self‐harm in patients admitted to hospital following an episode of self‐harm. Excluded as no AsPD reported in paper; author (Kate Davidson) was contacted by email (28 February 2017, see Davidson 2014) and confirmed she is unable to access and check the original study data. |
| Witkiewitz 2014 | Randomised superiority trial of mindfulness‐based relapse prevention and standard relapse prevention for substance‐addicted women offenders. Excluded as there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Chen 2014 | Randomised study comparing a CBT training programme plus routine intervention (TAU) vs TAU in young male violent offenders. Excluded because some participants were juveniles and no reported diagnosis of PD |
| Hakvoort 2015 | Randomised trial of 'cognitive‐behavioral music therapy' vs TAU for anger management and coping skills in a forensic psychiatric setting. Email correspondence with the author on 21 November 2017 confirmed all participants had a diagnosis of AsPD (Hakvoort 2015). Excluded as intervention was not a specific psychological therapy as defined in this review |
| Suszek 2015 | Protocol for a randomised trial of 2 group interventions (intensive psychodynamic therapy and CBT) vs waiting‐list control for patients with anxiety disorders and comorbid depressive or PD. Excluded as this was a study protocol |
| Brazão 2015 | Randomised controlled study of a CBT group intervention (Growing Pro‐Social) for male offenders. Excluded as no diagnosis of PD reported |
| Crane 2015 | Randomised study comparing a brief motivational interview with a control intervention on treatment compliance in violent offenders. Excluded as no diagnosis of PD was reported |
| Urban 2015 | Randomised cross‐over trial of animal‐assisted (dog) therapy for patients undergoing drug withdrawal. Excluded after email from author on 14 February 2017 confirmed that there were no participants with AsPD comorbidity in the sample (Urban 2015) |
| Wupperman 2015 | Trial of individual mindfulness and modification therapy vs TAU for women with substance use and aggression difficulties. Excluded as the participants were not randomised and PD was not reported |
| Swogger 2016 | RCT comparing a brief motivational intervention for substance‐using offenders. Psychopathic traits were assessed; however, the study was excluded as there was no formal assessment of PD |
| Keefe 2016 | Secondary analysis of randomised trial of cognitive therapy, antidepressants and placebo for major depressive disorder (DeRubeis 2005). Excluded as AsPD was an exclusion criteria in the original trial |
| Leichsenring 2016 | Controlled trial of manualised psychoanalytical and psychodynamic therapy for cluster B PD. Excluded as the study was not a RCT as participants were randomised to the 2 treatment conditions but not the control condition |
| Elsner 2016 | Controlled parallel trial of schema‐orientated psychotherapy vs TAU with personality‐disordered forensic patients. Excluded as the study was not a randomised trial |
| Gysin‐Maillart 2016 | Randomised trial of a suicide prevention intervention vs TAU. Excluded as author confirmed by email that no participants had a diagnosis of AsPD (22 March 2017, Gysin‐Maillart 2016) |
| Blattman 2017 | Randomised study of CBT (designed to foster self‐regulation, patience, and a noncriminal identity and lifestyle), with or without cash grants of USD 200, for criminally engaged men in Liberia. Excluded as no diagnosis of AsPD/dissocial PD |
| Välimäki 2017 | Protocol for a cluster‐randomised trial comparing the impact of an educational programme for staff or standard care on the outcomes of inpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Excluded as participants had a diagnosis of major mental illness, and it was the staff members who were randomised in the study, not the patients |
| Shaw 2017 | Randomised trial comparing the completion of collaborative case formulations (CFs) and usual practice, on the relationships between offender managers and high‐risk offenders with PD. Excluded as it was the offender managers, rather than the offenders, who were randomised into the intervention and control groups |
| Tomlinson 2017 | Randomised, waiting‐list controlled trial of DBT for forensic psychiatric patients. Excluded after correspondence with the study author (email from MT on 9 November 2018, Tomlinson 2017), which confirmed that of the 4 participants with a diagnosis of AsPD, 3 also had a serious mental illness (schizophrenia; delusional disorder; schizoaffective disorder) |
| NCT03382808 | Ongoing, parallel randomised trial of emotional recognition training (behavioural SEE training versus behavioural GAZE training) for antisocial violent offenders with psychopathic traits. Excluded as this study did not have a true control condition; GAZE training was described as an "active comparator" |
| Pearce 2017 | Randomised trial comparing democratic therapeutic community treatment with crisis planning plus TAU for adults with PD. 7 participants diagnosed with AsPD (5 in intervention group; 2 in control group). Excluded as the addition of 'crisis planning' to the control group intervention was not TAU |
| Conrad 2017 | Pre/post‐treatment evaluation of the effectiveness of a 10‐week group psychological intervention based on DBT skills with patients diagnosed with either cluster B PD or a mood disorder. Excluded as the study was not an RCT |
| DRKS0001326 | Trial registry citation of a pre‐post study of schema therapy for adult inpatients with PD randomised to different baseline lengths. Excluded from classification as an 'on‐going' study in this review as it was not an RCT and AsPD was an exclusion criterion |
| Nitschke 2018 | Study documented a violence‐prevention treatment based on psychoeducation, group training, and individual treatment on violence risk co‐management for forensic psychiatry outpatients. Excluded as the study was not an RCT |
| Lay 2018 | Randomised trial of a psychoeducation intervention (focusing on behaviours prior to and during illness‐related crises) and TAU in a sample of psychiatric inpatients with compulsory admission to hospital. Excluded after email correspondence with the study author (B Lay) on 21 November 2018 confirmed that no participants had a diagnosis of AsPD (Lay 2018) |
| NCT03677037 | Randomised trial of mentalisation‐based therapy (20 weeks/short‐term compared with 14 months/long‐term) for outpatients with subthreshold or diagnosed borderline PD. Excluded as AsPD was an exclusion criterion and there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Davis 2018 | Randomised trial of multi‐systemic therapy (MST‐EA) for young adults (17‐20 years) with serious mental health conditions referred for state vocational rehabilitation services. Excluded as the study included juveniles and AsPD was not assessed/recorded |
| Kool 2018 | Randomised trial of therapy dosage (25 compared to 50 sessions in a year) and type of therapy (schema therapy compared to short‐term psychodynamic supportive psychotherapy) for patients with comorbid depressive disorder and PD. Excluded as there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment |
| Larden 2018 | Nonrandomised comparison of a cognitive‐behavioural intervention (aggression‐replacement training) in adult offenders within the Swedish prison and probation service. Excluded as the study was not an RCT |
| Kingston 2018 | Randomised trial comparing a cognitive skills programme (Reasoning and Rehabilitation 2: Short version for Adults) and TAU in a sample of offenders with mental illness. Excluded as participants were diagnosed with serious mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder and psychosis. We contacted the study authors to confirm if any participants had comorbid AsPD and anxiety/trauma‐related diagnoses but received no response (Kingston 2018) |
| Klein Tuente 2018 | Protocol for an ongoing, waiting‐list controlled trial of a virtual reality intervention for aggressive forensic psychiatric inpatients with any DSM‐5 diagnosis (virtual reality aggression‐prevention training). Excluded because the intervention could not be described as a purely psychological intervention, as the training was delivered using virtual reality technology headsets |
| Haeyen 2018 | Randomised, waiting‐list control trial of a group‐based, art therapy intervention for adult participants diagnosed with a cluster B/C PD. The intervention used theoretical elements of DBT, schema‐focused therapy, gestalt art therapy and creative problem‐solving. Excluded as there were no reported participants with a diagnosis of AsPD |
| Keefe 2018 | Secondary analysis of a randomised trial of 3 psychotherapies for people with panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia) comparing CBT, panic‐focused psychodynamic psychotherapy and applied relaxation training (ART). Excluded as there was no control condition that could be classified as TAU, waiting list or no treatment, and ART data were not presented |
| De Jong 2018 | Randomised trial of outcome‐monitoring feedback (to therapist or patients and therapists or no feedback) with day treatment patients and inpatients with PD. Excluded as there were no patients with AsPD reported |
| Grenyer 2018 | Cluster‐RCT of a stepped‐care model of psychological therapy compared with TAU for inpatients with PD. Excluded as the study recruited people aged 12 years or over |
| Deng 2019 | RCT of a five‐week intervention for male violent prisoners comparing 3 conditions: gratitude‐sharing, blessing‐counting, and control. Excluded as AsPD was not assessed |
| Sewall 2019 | Long‐term, community follow‐up of men completing sexual offender treatment in a Canadian prison. Excluded as the study was not an RCT |
| Bianchini 2019 | Randomised trial of 12 months DBT plus standard REMS treatment (TAU) versus TAU for male forensic psychiatric patients with borderline PD. Pre and post‐assessments included BIS‐11, DERS and TAS‐20. Excluded as there was no information regarding AsPD or other diagnoses such as psychosis and bipolar disorder |
ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ART = applied relaxation training AsPD = antisocial personality disorder BIS‐11 = Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11 BT = behaviour therapy CBT = cognitive behavioural therapy CF = case formulation DBT = dialectical behaviour therapy DERS = Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale DSM‐5 = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐Fifth Edition GAZE = GAZE training sequence comprises four weekly sessions using a modified dote‐probe paradigm (averted vs directed gaze) MCMI‐II = Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory II MST‐EA = multi‐systemic therapy for emerging adults OCD = obsessive‐compulsive disorder ODIN = Outcome of Depression International Network PD = personality disorder PD‐NOS = personality disorder not otherwise specified RCT = randomised controlled trial REMS = 'Residenze per l'Esecuzione delle Misure di Sicurezza' Italian high intensity therapeutic facility treatment SCID‐II = Structured clinical Interview for DSM‐IV [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐Fourth Edition] SD = standard deviation SEE = SEE training sequence comprises four weekly sessions using a modified dote‐probe paradigm (fearful vs neutral expression) TAS‐20 = Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20 TAU = treatment as usual USD = United States Dollars vs = versus