Linehan 2006.

Methods	Design: parallel randomised controlled trial
Participants	Participants: women with recent suicidal and self‐injurious behaviours meeting criteria for BPDa Sex: all female Age: mean = 29.3 years (SD = 7.5) Unit of allocation: individual participant Number randomised: for whole sample n = 101 (n = 52 intervention group; n = 49 control group); data not extractable for any AsPD subgroupa Number completing: data not extractable for any AsPD subgroupa Setting: outpatient; single site; urban; USA (Washington) Inclusion criteria: aged 18 to 45 years; meeting criteria for BPD (DSM‐IV, IPDE); current or past suicidal behaviour (2 suicide attempts or self‐injuries in past 5 years, with at least 1 in past 8 weeks) Exclusion criteria: lifetime diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, psychotic disorder, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, mental retardation; seizure disorder requiring medication; a mandate to treatment; needing primary treatment for another debilitating condition Ethnicity: (for whole samplea) white (87%), African American (4%), Asian American (2%), native American (1%), other (5%) Baseline characteristics: (for whole samplea) single, divorced or separated (87.2%); median number suicide attempts in past 5 years 1.0 (IQR 0.5 to 4.0); median number self‐injuries in past 5 years 10.0 (interquartile range = 2.0 to 47.0); college graduate (23.8%); current major depressive disorder (72.3%); current anxiety disorder (78.2%); current substance use disorder (29.7%); current eating disorder (23.8%); current panic disorder (40.6%); comorbid cluster A personality disorder (3.0%); comorbid cluster B personality disorder other than BPD (10.9%), cluster C PD (25.7%)
Interventions	Two conditions: dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT); or community treatment by experts (CTBE) Experimental group (number randomised unknown for AsPD subgroupa): DBT Control group (number randomised unknown for AsPD subgroupa): CTBE Details of conditions: DBT is standard manualised dialectical behaviour therapy. CTBE was developed to maximise internal validity by controlling for sex of therapist, availability, expertise, allegiance, training and experience, consultation availability and institutional prestige. Duration of intervention: 12 months Duration of trial: 12 months Length of follow‐up: Participants were followed up for 12 months after end of treatment.
Outcomes	Primary outcomes None Secondary outcomes Leaving the study early: proportion of participants discontinuing treatment Other outcomes Number and severity of self‐harm incidents; level of suicidal ideation, reasons for living, depression
Notes	aStudy may have recruited a subgroup with AsPD since 11 of 101 participants (10.9%) had a cluster B personality disorder other than BPD. No data extractable on any AsPD subgroup. Awaiting clarification from investigators (Linehan 2006)