3. Behaviour change technique classifications.

Cluster	Included BCT’s	Studies	Examples from studies
Goals and Planning (1)	‐ Goal setting (behaviour) (1.1) ‐ Action planning (1.4) ‐ Review behaviour goals (1.5)	‐Casas 2006 (1.4) ‐Kessler 2018 (1.4) ‐Nguyen 2008 (1.1, 1.4) ‐Nguyen 2013 (1.1, 1.4) ‐Park 2020 (1.1, 1.4) ‐Stamenova 2020 (1.4) ‐Tabak 2014 (1.4, 1.5)	“[Participants] were asked to set achievable goals for exercise and physical activity and guided how to successfully reach those goals step by step.” (Park 2020) "[Intervention participants] were provided with a written version of a personalized COPD action plan which instructed patients on what to do if their readings fell outside pre‐determined thresholds." (Stamenova 2020)
Feedback and monitoring (2)	‐ Monitoring of behaviour by others without feedback (2.1) ‐ Feedback on behaviour (2.2) ‐ Self‐monitoring of behaviour (2.3) ‐ Self‐monitoring of outcome(s) of behaviour (2.4) ‐ Monitoring outcome(s) of behaviour without feedback (2.5) ‐ Biofeedback (2.6) ‐ Feedback on outcome(s) of behaviour (2.7)	‐Boer 2019 (2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7) ‐Casas 2006 (2.1) ‐Farmer 2017 (2.1, 2.6) ‐Kessler 2018 (2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7) ‐Koff 2009 (2.5, 2.6, 2.7) ‐Nield 2012 (2.2) ‐Nguyen 2008 (2.2, 2.4, 2.7) ‐Nguyen 2013 (2.2, 2.4, 2.7) ‐Park 2020 (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.7) ‐Stamenova 2020 (2.1, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7) ‐Tabak 2014 (2.1, 2.2, 2.4) ‐Wang 2017 (2.4, 2.7)	Intervention included an “activity coach for ambulant activity registration and real‐time feedback to improve daily activity.” (Tabak 2014) A core component of the intervention was “collaborative self‐monitoring of exercise and respiratory symptoms and reinforcement of dyspnoea management strategies.” (Nguyen 2008, Nguyen 2013) “If data were not received or there were safety alerts, the participant record was accessed for review. If, on reviewing the data, there was judged to be a clinically important change in the data, then the patient was contacted either via message or telephone.” (Farmer 2017)
Social support (3)	‐ Social support (unspecified) (3.1) ‐ Social support (emotional) (3.3)	‐Casas 2006 (3.1) ‐Koff 2009 (3.1) ‐Nguyen 2008 (3.1, 3.3) ‐Nguyen 2013 (3.1, 3.3) ‐Park 2020 ‐Wang 2017 (3.1)	A component of the intervention was that “participants were encouraged to communicate with other participants and research team by text messages in smartphone app or call.” (Park 2020). “The content from these [web‐based education modules] was reinforced by the nurses during six, monthly, live chat sessions with participants from both clinical sites (eDSMP) or face‐to‐face meetings at the respective medical centres (fDSMP). These education sessions were designed to encourage peer interactions and mutual support.” (Nguyen 2008, Nguyen 2013)
Shaping knowledge (4)	‐ Instruction on how to perform the behaviour (4.1)	‐Boer 2019 (4.1) ‐Casas 2006 (4.1) ‐Chan 2016 (4.1) ‐ Farmer 2017 (4.1) ‐Kessler 2018 (4.1) ‐Koff 2009 (4.1) ‐Nguyen 2008 (4.1) ‐Nguyen 2013 (4.1) ‐Nield 2012 (4.1) ‐Park 2020 (4.1) ‐Poureslami 2016 (4.1) ‐Tabak 2014 (4.1) ‐Wang 2017 (4.1)	“Before the start of the program, participants had to attend two 90‐minute self‐management teaching sessions given by a nurse practitioner, to learn how to complete the daily diary. Patients were also educated in early recognition of exacerbations and in starting standardized treatment in the case of an exacerbation.” (Tabak 2014) “Patients in the PIC group received four specific interventions over a 3‐month period, including… teaching of self‐management techniques.” (Koff 2009) “All participants received education on SOB, breathing strategies to reduce SOB, exercise and SOB, modifying activities to reduce SOB, coping with SOB and stress, and medications to manage SOB and COPD flare‐ups.” (Nguyen 2008, Nguyen 2013)
Comparison of behaviour (6)	‐ Demonstration of the behaviour (6.1) ‐ Social comparison (6.2)	‐Chan 2016 (6.1) ‐Nield 2012 (6.1) ‐Park 2020 (6.1, 6.2) ‐ Poureslami 2016 (6.1) ‐Tabak 2014 (6.1)	“In this stage, the instructor explained the benefits of PLB and demonstrated the technique step‐by‐step.” (Chan 2016) "In addition, in the last scene of both lay and clinician videos, an experienced respiratory educator from the same language group as the patients’ demonstrated the correct use of different inhalers." (Poureslami 2016)
Associations (7)	‐ Prompts/cues (7.1)	‐Casas 2006 (7.1) ‐Nield 2012 (7.1) ‐Park 2020 (7.1) ‐Tabak 2014 (7.1)	“In addition, the users received motivational cues during the day for awareness and extra motivation. These messages were based on the activity of the last 2 hours and of the day so far. Each cue provided a summary of the activity behavior and advice on how to continue the activity behaviour…” (Tabak 2014)
Repetition and substitution (8)	‐ Behavioural practice/rehearsal (8.1) ‐ Habit formation (8.3)	‐Boer 2019 (8.1) ‐Nield 2012 (8.3)	“Frequent short practice sessions for a total of 10 minutes/day the first week, 15 minutes/day the second week, 20 minutes/day the third week, and 25 minutes/day the fourth week were specified.” (Nield 2012)
Reward and threat (10)	‐ Material incentive (behaviour) (10.1) ‐ Social reward (10.4)	‐Nield 2012 (10.1) ‐Park 2020 (10.4)	“Those participants who successfully achieved their exercise and physical activity goals were praised” (Park 2020)
Antecedents (12)	‐ Adding objects to the environment (12.5)	‐Boer 2019 (12.5) ‐ Farmer 2017 (12.5) ‐Kessler 2018 (12.5) ‐Koff 2009 (12.5) ‐Nguyen 2008 (12.5) ‐Nguyen 2013 (12.5) ‐Nield 2012 (12.5) ‐Park 2020 (12.5) ‐Stamenova 2020 (12.5) ‐Tabak 2014 (12.5) ‐Wang 2017 (12.5)	“PIC patients received a Tuffsat pulse oximeter (GE Healthcare, Chalfont St Giles, UK), a Microlife PF100 FEV1 monitor (iCare Health Monitoring, Golden, CO, USA), an Omron pedometer (Omron Healthcare Inc., Bannockburn, IL, USA), and a technology platform for delivery of education and transmission of the results (Health Buddy1 System).” (Koff 2009) “A laptop computer…, headphone…, and pulse oximeter were provided for one month.” (Nield 2012)

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

PIC: proactive integrated care

PLB: pursed‐lip breathing

SOB: shortness of breath