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. 2021 May 3;22:33. doi: 10.1186/s12868-021-00637-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Electrophysiological characterization of spreading depolarizations. a Representative DC potential recordings demonstrate the experimental protocols. Slices were exposed to aCSF (SD initiation here: ES), HM, or OGD. Black vertical arrows indicate ES in aCSF, gray horizontal timelines depict the exposure to the experimental condition (HM or OGD). b The SD-related negative DC shifts (mean ± stdev) for each experimental group. Black vertical arrows indicate KCl application or ES in aCSF, gray horizontal timelines depict the exposure to the experimental condition (HM or OGD). Red arrows highlight incomplete repolarization relative to pre-SD baseline. c The maximum amplitude of SD. d The duration of SD. e The slope of repolarization. ES bipolar electric field stimulation, KCl microinjection of 1 M KCl solution, HM hypo-osmotic medium, OGD oxygen–glucose deprivation. Data are given as mean ± stdev. Sample size (i.e. number of SD events analyzed) is indicated in each bar. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a Holm-Sidak post hoc test was used for statistical analysis. The level of significance is given as p < 0.001*** vs. KCl; p < 0.01^## and p < 0.001^### vs. ES; p < 0.001^$$$ vs. HM