*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001; Paths are marked with standardized estimates. N=2,918. Model fit: X2(60) = 981.43, p < .001, RMSEA=.07, 90%CI [.07, .08], CFI = .94, TLI = .93. Non-significant paths that were also modeled but not pictured: All measures of socioeconomic disadvantage at childbirth to maternal distress at age 3, and child internalizing and externalizing at age 9. In sensitivity analyses, we additionally controlled for family income to needs ratio at age nine (see Methods). There were no changes in the effects sizes of any of the depicted paths.